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Copyright, 1913. by the Star Company. Great Britain Right* Reserved.
7
WHAT MAKES
YOUR TEETH
DECAY
I F people could see the insides of their mouths en
larged as science sees them, they would probably
take better care of their teeth.
The commonest deposit upon neglected teeth iB “tar
tar,” a chalky deposit which attaches itself to them,
and becomes particularly thick at the margin where the
enamel touches the gum. It is composed of various
salts of lime, animal and vegetable parasitic growths,
and particles of food. The mucus and saliva of the
mouth collect chiefly during sleep, at the back of
the lower incisors, and it is here, therefore, that the
largest amount of tartar is deposited.
■r The tartar should be removed by the dentist bofore
It accumulates in any noticeable quantity- If this is
not done the gum will recede and the tooth become
loosened, or the dread Riggs disease may enter at
this spot.
Next to tartar the commonest formation is “dental
fur” a yellowish white substance, which is formed
4i the mouth and is most noticeable, especially when
the mouth is not kept clean, on the rough, upper sur
face of the tongue and between the teeth. An infini
tesimal quantity of this yellowish fur such as is
found at the base of the teeth of everybody who does
not clean them at least twice a day, shows when ex
amined under a microscope, countless fungi of various
kinds, living animalcuiae, salivary corpuscles and par
ticles of food.
The parasitic forms produced by acid and decompo
sition which the ordinary man carries about with
ALARMING CONDITIONS Science Finds in MOUTHS That Are NEGLECTED
him in his mouth, may be counted by millions. Among
them are creatures known as “dental serpents.'*
Besides the yellowish dental fur # there is a greenish
deposit found on the front teeth, and most commonly
seen in children. This also is a vegetable organism
which is very destructive to the teeth.
Too many people
grow accustomed to
regard these things
in their mouth as
normal. As a matter
of fact they are the
chief causes of the
loss of the teeth and
consequent loss of
health. While tartar
is the chief cause of
recession of the
gume, the other de
posits favor the de
velopment of caries,
or decay, and sub
sequently poison the
cavities thus made.
Perhaps a look at
the accompanying
pictures of mouth
vegetation, made by
a distinguished den
tal scientist, will in
duce some people to
keep their mouths
cleaner. One of the
diagrams aiso shows
how complicated is
the tooth structure,
and furnishes addi
tional reasons for
taking care of it.
Caries, or decay,
is a germ which eats
a hole, through the
enamel. It is always
accompanied by de
composition products and acids.
When the enamel has been eroded, the
dentine beneath loses the power of
offering any prolonged resistance to
the acids to which it becomes ex
posed. ,
The dentine becomes softened, and when decomposi-
b tion has^ once set in, the destructive process rnuBt
' coutinue’unless stopped by careful filling of the tooth.
A hole in the tooth is filled with countless colonies
of animalcuiae and vegetable forms. Ttoe seat of
decay is infectious for neighboring teeth, as it fosters
Growths That Destroy Your Teeth and Health Shown Under the Microscope.
Fig. 1—Showing How Tartar Forma
and Pushe® the Gum Away from th«*
Tooth. V—\n Inriaor with FnrrowM
in the Enamel, Enlarged. B—Tartar.
Fig. 2—Dental Fur W hich Forma on
the I’pper Paris of \egleeted Teeth.
This Specimen Is Enlarged 500 Times.
The Grnss-I.ike Cluster on the Left Is
a Fungus Which Occurs in Every
Human Mouth, Called Leptothrix Hue-
calls Fig. 3— An Example of the
Material That Collect** In a Decayed
Cavity. A—Partly Disintegrated,
Partly Destroyed s m a 11 Cuuals iu the
Dentine, B—Amylaceous Corpuscles,
C—Denial Serpents, l>—Remains of
Animal Fibre. E—Yagetable Cellular
Tissue, in the Form of Decomposing
Fragments of Food Which Have Pene
trated Into the Cnrious Hollow of the
Tooth. F—Fragments of the Mucous
Membrane Which Have Shredded Off,
G—Fragments of Vegetable Food. H—
Fungi. 1—Large Hyphae, K—Remain*
of tire Destroyed Enamel Substance,
L—Dental Animal- lae, >1—Yeast-
Fungi NI—Crystal Formations, Pro
duced by Decomposition, O—Fungus
Grass or Mouth-Fungus iLeptothrlx
Unreal Is), P—Infusoria FIr. I—Thr
Various Layers of a Tooth and How
a Decay Spot Eats Through Them. A —
Dental Crown and Enamel, B—Den
tine, C—Dental Pulp (the Marrow of
the tooth! with Nerves and Blood-
Vessels, D—Canal for the Veins and
Nerves, E—Dental Cement (Cortex of
the Root), F—Opening at End of Root,
with the Nerve G— Diseased Part
(Carious Hollow), H—Carious Den
tine, 1—Destroyed Tissue. K—Inflam
ed Root-Membrane. L—Encysted Ab
scess on the Diseased Hoot-Mem
brane,
fprmentation, and acts like yeast on the liquids in
the mouth. It aiso makes the person's breath offensive
“At the place where decay exists,” writes a high
authority, "congregate lower forms of animal and plant
life, infusoria and fungi, the microscopic eggs and
spores of which float about in the air, are carried
into the mouth with the breath one draws, and the
food one eats.”
Decayed or neglected teeth are the means of spread
ing many infectious diseases through the community,
including diphtheria, cholera and tuberculosis. By
the act of coughing, sneezing or clearing one’s throat,
there are projected by many of us into the air, drops
of mucous moisture containing countless tiny living
organisms which, on coming In contact with respiratory
organs incapable of resistance to them, are the cause
of a fresh infection. Decayed and imperfect teeth
are reservoirs of germs in those who scatter infection.
Remember that cleaning the teeth will prevent decay
in most cases and that when it does occur, it can be
stopped by a dentist,
The milk teeth of children should be carefully
preserved until the time for ‘he appearance of the
second teeth. At no time is a regular examination of
the teeth, at least once in six months, so necessary;
as during childhood.
The best times for a thorough cleansing of the
teeth are on getting up in the morning, and on going
to bed in the evening Tooth cleaning after every
meal is also advisable. A moderately soft brush should
be used The upper teeth should be brushed from the
gums downward, the lower teeth from’ the gums up
ward. The crowns may be brushed with a rotary
motion.
Care should be taken to remove particles between
the. teeth, either with a toothbrush that reaches there,
or dental floss or both. The discreet use of a tooth
pick to remove any particles that can he felt be
tween the teeth is advised.
Decay of the teeth may be due to illness but it la
aiso caused by neglect to clean the. teeth during illness.
Persons who are nursing sick people should be par
ticularly careful to assist them in cleaning their teeth
regularly.
SCREW HOLES
It Pays' to Paint
I N removing and replacing screen doors
and all sorts of house material that is
held in place by screws, the holes in
the wood become larger each time they are
used, and in a short time it becomes some
what difficult to make a good job of the
work on account of screws being more or
less loose.
It disfigures the building to make new
places for hinges to have new and tight
holes for the screws, and the problem of
doing a good job has often puzzled some
very good workmen.
Bits of wood are often driven into the old
holes to help make the screw's fit tightly,
A^nd many wrap a piece of paper about the
screw to secure the desired result, and
others use a bit of soft twine to wrap about
the threads of the screw, but none of these
methods is as satisfactory as painting the In
side of the holes when the screws are re
moved.
A long pointed brush or a twisted bit of
rag v.fll answer.
The paint should be lead and oil, and
when it is thoroughly applied to the fresh
cut W'ood in the- cavity where the screw
had twisted its w r ay into the wood, it will
fill up the open pores and the walls of the
cavity will be made just a little bit smaller,
and as the strew remains out for some time,
the paint has an opportunity to harden, and
when the screws are replaced they fit as if
they were being placed in freshly made cavi-i
ties of the exact size. It is by far the most
satisfactory method, and a mechanical one.
How WE MOVE Only by ELECTRICITY
»" rW HERE was a time whe^ the human body was
I likened to a steam engine, with the stomach as
A the furnace and the heart as the engine, but
< scientific investigation has advanced along with me-
( chanics, and to-day it is known that this is a poor
( simile. The human body, recent scientific research has
/ shown, should be likened to a voltaic battery, for the
'' same sort of electric current that makes the trolley
\ car move along the track enables us to move our
) muscles and our limbs.
I Our musculer electrical system, for that is just what
it is, has been carefully studied. First the construction
of the electric eel and torpedo fish was studied, because
it is similar to our own in as far as the electricity is
concerned.
It was more difficult to study the human body, but
this has been done, and it was found, upon dissecting
the muscular fibres of the human body, that they con
sisted of a series of discs, known as "Bowman’s discs,”
. which are placed one above the other, like the ele
ments in a voltaic battery, for of course our body elec
tricity must be chemical electricity, since we are noth
ing but chemical matter.
When these little discs were placed under the micro
scope they were found to consist of other smaller discs,
joined to one another much like the stones of a mosaic.
These smaller discs are known as the muscular ele
ments of Merkel, or the muscular boxes of Krauss, and
each of these boxes is a little machine which develops
energy when it is excited by the nerves.
We see something that frightens us. Our brain is
notified by the optic nerves and these nerves.Ay doing
this, excite the little muscular elements. Union makes
strength, for the simultaneous contraction of thousands
of muscular discs, thus excited, cause them to contract
or expand and through that, comes the actual movement
of the muscles and limbs that enables us to jump back
out of danger.
Each muscular element of Merkel appears to have
the form of a cylindrical box containing a disc of dark
and thick substance placed between two discs of light
and fluid substance. At each muscular contraction the
disc of dark and thick substance undergoes change of
rorm and position. We may, therefore, believe that
muscular contraction is the result of the elementary
contractions of thousands of discs of which the mus
cular fibres are composed
These contractions are brought on by an excitement
coming from (he nerve endings which, gradually grow
ing -finer and more numerous, penetrate into the mus
cular substance and form a coannection by their ex
tremities enlarged into a motor plate with the muscular
fibres and their discs.
When we analyze the struSture of the organs of the
electric cell, or the torpedo fish, ve find that they are
divided also like muscular tissue into a great number
of cells arranged in longitudinal series and forming vol
taic batteries, which, Joined together in bundles, pre
sent a close resemblance to the voluntary muscles of
the human body. Each cell contains a gelatinous sub
stance surrounding the electric plate properly so called,
which has one side covered with little knobs, and the
other with a network in which the nerve endings of the
motor-nerve spread out Under the influence of volun
tary nervous excitations there takes place something
very much like what we may see In the voluntary mus
cles of man.
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