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*jldto each individual tissue orthe body,
by its sympathetic relations. Wheu the
btomacii, therefore becomes diseased, oth
er parts sutler with it. The functions of
the brain, the heart, the lungs, and the
liver becomes disordered, the secretions
are altered, and all the operations of the
animal econamy are more or less affected.
5. The liver and its functions-:
Alcohol, in every form and proportion,
h;i-' long been known to exert a strong and
speedy influence on this organ, when u
aed internally. Aware of this fact, the
poultry dealers of England, are in the ■
habit of mixing a quantity of spirit with I
the food of their fowls, in order to in
crease the size of the liver; so that they j
may be enabled to supply to the epieure a
greater abundance of that part of the an
imal, which he regards as the most deli
cious.
The influence of spirit on the liver is
exerted in two ways: Fifst, the impress
ion made upon the mucous coat of the
Stomach, is extended to the liver by sym
pathy: the second mode of action is
through the medium of the circulation,
and by the immediate action of the alco
holic principle the liver itself, as it
passes through the organ, mingled with
the blood. In which soever of thesejways
it operates, its first effect is to increase
the action of the liver, and sometimes to
such a degree as to produce inflamma
tion. Its secretion becomes changed
from a bright yellow to a green or black,
and from a thin fluid to a substance re
sembling tar in its consistence. There
soon follows also an enlargement of the
liver and a change in its organic struc
ture. I have met with several cases in
which the liver has become enlarged from
intemperance, so as to occupy a greater
part of the cavity of the abdomen, and
weighing from eight to twelve pounds,
when it should have weighed not more
than four or five.
The liver sometimes, however, even
when it manifests great morbid change in
its organic structure, is rather diminished
thau increased in its volume. This was
the case in the person of the celebrated
stage actor George Frederick Cooke, who
died a few years since in the city of New
York. This extraordinary man was long
distinguished for the profligacy of his life,
as well as for the native vigor of his mind
and body. At the time of his death the
body was opened by Dr. Ilosack, who
found that the liver did not exceed its u
sunl dimensions, hut was astonishingly
hard, of a lighter colour than natural, and
that its texture was so dense as to make
considerable resistance to the knife. The
blood vessels, which in a healthy condi
tion are extremely numerous and large,
were in this case nearly obliterated, evin
cing that the regular circulation through
the liver, had long since ceased; and tu
bercles were found throughout the w hole
substance ot tne organ.
I have met with cases in the course of
tny dissections, in which the liver was
found smaller than natural, shrivelled, in
durated, its blood vessels diminished in
Size and number, with the whole of its
: uernal structure more or less changed.
In const itence of these morbid changes
lit the liver, other organs become affected,
as ’lie spleen, the pancreas, &c. either by
sympathy or in consequence of their de
p. .deuce on the healthy functions of the
liver for the due performance of their own.
6. Os the Brain and its functions:
Inflammation and engorgement of this
organ are frequent consequences of in
temperance, and may take place during a
debauch—-or may arise some time after,
during the stage of debility, from a loss of
the healthy balance of action between the
ditferent parts of the system. This in
flammation is sometimes acute, is mark
ed by furious delirium, and terminates fa
tally in the course of a few days, and
sometimes a few hours. At other times
it assumes a chronic form, continues much
longer; and then frequently results in an
effusion of serum, or an extravasation of
blood, and the patient dies in a state of
insensibility, with all the symptoms of
compressed brain. Sometimes the sys
tem becomes so saturated with ardent
spirit, that there is good reason to believe,
the effusions which take place in the cav
ities of the brain, and elsewhere, are
composed in part at least, of the alcoholic
principle. The following case occurred,
not iong since, in England, and is attested
hy unquestionable authority.
A man was taken up dead in the streets
of London soon after having drank a
quart of gin, on a wager. He was carri
ed to the Westminster Hospital, and there
dissected. “In the ventricles of the brain
was found a considerable quantity of lim
pid fluid, distinctly impregnated with gin,
both to the sense of smell and taste, and
even to the test of inflammability. The
liquid appeared to the senses of the ex
amining students, as strong as one third
gin, and two-tliirds water.”
Dr. Armstrong, who has enjoyed very
ample opportunity of investigating this
subject, speaks of the chronic inflamma
tion of the bruin and its membranes, as
frequently proceeding from the free use of
strong liquors.
It is a fact familiar to every anatomist,
that alcohol even when greatly diluted,
has, bv its action on the brain after death,
the effect of hardening it, as well as most
of the tissues of the body which contain
albumen, and it is common to immerse
the brain in ardent spirit for a few days,
tn order to render it the firmer for dissec
tion.
On examining the brain after death, of
such as have long been accustomed to the
free use of ardent spirit, it is said the or
gan is generally found harder than in tem
perate persons. It lias no longer that del
icate and elastic texture. Its arteries be
come diminished m size, and lose their
transparency, while the veins and sinu
ses are greatly distended and irregularly
enlarged.
This statement is confirmed by my own
dissections, and they seem also to be in
full accordance with alt tlie intellectual
nud physical phenomena displayed in the
drunkard, while living.
7. The Heart and its functions:
It has generally been supposed, that
the heart is less frequently allected by in
temperance, than most of the other vital
organs; but, from the history of the cases
which have come under my own observa
tion, I am convinced that it seldom es
capes disease under the habitual use of
ardent spirit. And why should it, since it
is thrown almost perpetually into a state
of unnatural exertion, the very effect pro
duced by the violent agitation of the pas
sions, the influence of which upon this or
gan is found so injurious.
[ To he Continued .]
FOKEIG\,
Ten Days later from lit rope.
New York, April 6.
By the packet ship York, Capt Burs
ley we have received Liverpool papers to
ihc a Ith FeU. and London to the 23d in
clusive, containirtgP&ris dates, by express
to the 21st. A letter from London dated
Feb. 22d says:
“The continued agitations in Paris,
the state of Belgium and Poland, and in
surrections in I tab', have confirmed the
impression here, that ivar between France
and someone, or perhaps all of the
three great Northern Powers, is inevita
ble.—Our own and all continental stocks
have fallen in consequence.”
Changes are spoken of as about to take
place in the French Ministry. It is
said that M. Crillon Barrot will suc
ceed M. Montalivet, and that M. Real
will replace M. Bande; with other ad
ditions from what is called the mouvement
or liberal party.
The Cotton Duty —lt appears from
the accounts received by the York, that
the cotton duty as originally proposed
was Id. per lb. on all sorts. The propo
sions produced great dissatisfaction at
Liverpool and Manchester, and deputa
tions were immediately sent to London,
who discused the matter with the Chan
cellor of the Excheduer. The result was
stated in Parliament on the 21st. The
Chancellor said:
His plan was this: He proposed to
substitute for the present 6 per cent ad va
lorem duty on printed colicoes, a du
ty of 5-8 of 1 and per pound on all im
ports of raw cotton, without any draw r
hack export duty—excepting, of course,
from the operation of the tax, the cot
ton of our East Indian and other pos
sessions. He meant also, for reasons
which he would state on another oc-
,.|| .u_ i • ■
operate for three months.
Sir R. Peel was understood to ask
the loss to the revenue from his pro
posed reduction of duty on printed cal
icoes'?
Chancellor of the Exchequer 6aid, that
the amount of the East India duty was
so trfiing, as to be almost beneath con
sideration. The amount of the other
duty would not make up the loss in
question; hut the amount of that duty, to
gether with that of the duty on printed
calicoes, would make it up.
from the Manchesterlleiald.
The Cotton tax.— Wo 'o not remem*
her ever to have witnessed so strong
a sensation as was produced among the
mercantile classes of this town, by the
announcement of Lord Altliorp’s inten
tion to lay aa additional import duty
of Id lb. upon cotton wool.
It will be seen by reference to ano
ther part of paper, that the Chamber
ol Commerce have resolved to use ev
ery exertion to induce the minister to
abandon this impolitic tax; and for this
purpose a deputation consisting of the
boroughreeve aud some of our leading
merchants will proceed immediately to
Loudon.
London, Feb. 21, (evening.)
There has been much gloom in the ci
ty to day, aud the slight hope which
prevailed early in last week, that it was
still possible the peace of Europe m iglit
be preserved, is fast disappearing. All
are now looking to Paris, as, the scene
of more immediate danger, with the
most anxious interest; and, should the
present struggle end in the subversion
of the French Ministry, there is scarce
ly a merchant to be met with on the
Exchange who is not ready to confess
his fears of the worst consequences.
This event is indeed, held to be so
probable, that they begin already to dis
cuss the question how far a war in Eu
rope, commenced by French aggres
sion or interferance with other powers,
ought to involve this country.
ALARMING STATE OF FAR IS.
A funeral mass for the Duke of Berri
was celebrated on the 14th Feb. at the
church of St. Germain l’Auxerrois, and
against the advice of the Magistrates at
Paris. In that old sanctuary all the cel
ebrities of the Carlist faction bad a ren
dezvous, and collected moot/ for the
wounded of the ex-Royal Guaid. A bust
of the Duke de Burdeaux was paraded in
the church, and the consequence was,
that the crowd assembled without rushed
into the church, and put to flight the
w hole assembly. The people then broke
into the presbytery, and were prevented
with utmost difficulty, l>y the National
Guards, from precipitating in the Seine
several priests. The multitude around the
church was immense the whole afternoon.
In a short tune the fine gilded cross, with
the fleurs-de-lis at its angles, which
crown* the steeple, raised a general cry
of rage. The Nutinal Guard joined the i
j ample in demanoitg its destruction.
Workmen were sen for, and under the
protection of the Ntional Guard, at torch
light, with (nunrenal guards about the
church, the cross vas precipitated, and
fell w itli a thunderng noise, amidst the
tumultuous applaus 1 of the people, shout
ing “Down with tie priests!” filled the
strees. On the foibwing morning anoth
er scene took'p’fttce, of which it is impos
sible to give any description.—The mul
titude succeeded in taking possession of
the church, and not an altar nor a glass,
nor a chair, nor a bit of wood is left.—
All the gold and silver ornaments were
conveyed to the Louvre in mock ceremo
ny, and some of them thrown on the
tombs of the victims, opposite which the
curate of the church had thought proper
to perforin this Carlist exhibition. How
ever, nobody perished. The National
Guard saved every priest w ho was attack
ed. Paris was m the most violent state
of effervescence for several days.
The fleurs-de-lis sculptured under the
galleries of the'Exchange were on the 16th
covered with plaster, and those in front of
the Palais Royal weve on the 17th or
dered by the King to be romoved in the
course of night.
Fio;n iho Constitutioniiel of Feb. 11.
A considerable crowd went yesterday
to Conflus, where th • Archbishop of Pa
ris resides, but he was absent. Thanks
to the assistance of the National Guard
of Berev the project of burning the house,
which appeared to have been formed, was
not executed, but Tii» furniture and pic
tures were destroyed. The plate and
linen were saved by t|ie efforts of M.
Michel jun.
Extract of a letter from an American
Gentleman dated
London, Feb. 5, 1831.
The last advices from the Continent
indicate a terrible conflict between the
principles of republicanism and the power
of kings. A war to me appears inevita
ble, and what will be die result, God on
ly knows.
Happv, indeed, is vour situation in the
W estern World. Your distance from the
theatre of war secures to you peace, and
you will, no doubt, be enabled to reap a
rich harvest from the commercial field
that must open to you.
The capitalists of Europe are alarmed
at the prospects before us, and deposits to
an immense amount are placed at the
disposal of the Bank of the Uuited States,
subject to their drafts; and speculation is
fruitful here as to the amount of money
that will be transferred to the Uuited
States in this way. This together with
the high price your produce will command;
must make the prosperity of our country
certain. The groat bankers have attribu
*«.i *i.o munese amount of specie going
to the U mted States, to me cmiufieime
placed in the U. S. Bank, winch confi
dence is now certainly greater than in
the Bank of England.
There is an order from the Admiralty
to equip for sea ten sail of the line that are
now in ordinary: and 1 think old'England
will be a party to the continental conflict.
I think there is no doubt the additonal
duty of Id. on Cotton will take place,
which I seriously regret, as it bears very
hard on the Southern planters, who now
are receiving a price quite too low for this
important article in the commerce of our
country.
AFFAIRS OF POLAND.
Warsaw, Feb. 7.
The day before yesterday the Russians
passed the frontiers in live places—Utci
lug, Bizesc, Granoe, Tykocin and Ang
usto. Hitherto there are only Cossacks,
who mark the movements of the Army.—
At Utcilug some dragoons have entered,
belonging to the corps of General Geis
mar; his design seems to be to invest Za
moie, and to advance into the plain coun
try beyond the Vistuia. The Russian
main army advances on the line from
Lomza and Brzesc. Up to this time
there is no account of any fighting, for
there were no troops on any part ot the
frontier. The first out posts of our array
are three leagues from'Siedlee towards.Bi
zesc, and on the line towards Lornzar
they are at Ostralmka.
A great battle is expected by the 12th
at farthest. Warsaw will soon be declar
ed in a state of siege ; the cannon are al
ready placed on the ramparts. It was not
believed that Count Diebitsch would enter
now, because if the first attack does not
succeed he incurs great danger. If the
thaw sets in, the ice Will disappear, the
rivers will overflow, and the low grounds
in which he acts will become a complete
morass. His army advancing against us
amounts to about 100,000 men. At pre
sent we have to oppose him only 57,000
men iu the field, and the patriotism of our
people. The 17 new regiments of infan
try are not yet organized. The organi
zation of the cavalry is more advanced,
and it will be complete and ready to take
the field in a fortnight.
From the Messenger des Chambres of Feb. 21.
General Diebitsch has ivaded Poland
by a grand strategic movemeut, of which
the aim and combination are as follows:
The body of the Russian arm v enters at
four points; Augustown, Bialystok,
Drohicjun, and Brecx-Litawski, on a
base of from sixty to eighty leagues.
Two of these four divisions march to
wards Warsaw, to besiege it on the two
sides of the Vistula, a third division ap
jiears destine! for the siege of Mndlin,
and the fourth to keep the country to pro
tect these two sieges. As to the forces of
the Polish army, it appears that they have
; fallen back upon Warsaw and Modi in ;
but it is probable that they will await the
i enemy in one of the positions which cov*
cr the approaches to these places, and
that the Russians will not be able to puss
oil w ithout a battle. The Russians must
have a fifth body to maintain the commu
nications of the army with its depot and
magazms of Lithuauia; and they w ill re
quire a sixth to occupy the provinces of
Sandomir and Lublin, as well as to block
ade the fortress of Zamosc.
The principal points d’ appui of the
Poles are Warsaw, Modin, l’losk, ka
iisch, f’zeuthan, and Zamosc.
At the moment when the Russians
entered, the two principal bodies of the
Polish army were at Hialu and at Rom
an. The natural retreat of tlie former
is upon Warsaw, that of the second on
Modin.—The large national reserve was
increased daily at Warsaw. The mili
tary dispositions assumed by the Poles
are perfectly judicious. The more they
concentrate their force, the stronger
they will be, whiistthe enemy will he
compelled to arrange themselves about
them in a very extended circle.
Modin and Warsaw, |0 or 12 leagues
from each other, and both on the Vistu
la, seem to us the real base of the Po
lish defence; the other paints d’ appui.
more distant, should only serve to keep
up the war of detail in the rear of the
Russian army besieging Warsaw.
London, Feb. 23.
We received last night Hamburg pa
pers to the 15th of February. They
describe the enthusiasm in Poland as
very great. An engagement of no
great consequence with the Russians,
seems to have taken place near Novo
gorid; hat the Poles intend to have
their grand struggle near Warsaw.
They consider the early thaw as very
much in their favor, as impeding the
march of the Russian materiel. The
spirit in Prussian Poland is said to have
evinced itself in the most decided man
ner in favor of the Poles.
AFFAIRS OF ITALLY.
Paris, Feb. 21.
(News of the morning.)—An express
which left Bastia on the 12th currant,
and arrived atToulon on the 13th, brought
the news that the kingdom of Naples the
whole of Romagna, the Dutchies of Luc
ca and Pioinbino, the Duchy of Modena,
and almost the whole of insurrrection,
and that Italian tri-colonr3 were hoisted
without opposition. It is also said that
an extraordinary courier arrived yester
day at Marseilles, who brought the in
telligence of an open revolution at Gen
oa, where the troops had taken the side
of the people.
Tunis, Feb. 11.
The insurrection of the Duchy of Mo
dena is complete. The new Govern
ment of the insurgents is recognized there
without opposition. The Duke, on quit
in Modegna, resigned his authority to a
Council of Regency took; hut the in
surgents from the country soon marched
upon the town, and the Regency took
to flight. —The Duke took with him to
Mantau the "chief conspirator Menottf,
whose nouse was taKen by ttie troops al
ter a bloody combat. He is one of tlie
richest merchants of Modena. The rev
olution of Bologna is spending without
obstacle throughout all Romagna. The
Provisional Government consists of the
most respectable inhabtants of the coun
try. —Hitherto every thing had been
quiet in Lombardy. No Austrian troops
have as yet made any movement. Trau
qultity also reigns in Peidment.
Modena, Fep. 11.
At the moment of writing, the city is
tranquil. Bologna and all Roinagua
have broken the arms of the Pope, and
restered the Lion and the tri-colored
flag.—Parma and Piacenza have followed
this example: the National Guard is or
ganized. All persons imprisoned for
political offences have been set at lib
erty. —Part of the Duke’s troops have
entered the Austrain service.
London, Feb. 21.
The Italian patriots have proclamed
the “Union of Italy.” It said that in
surrection has extended so far South
as Civita Veschia, and one letter states
that the tri-color floats on the cupe
la of St. Peters at Rome.
The Bolognese Provisional Govern
ment has issued a proclamation, headed
“Liberty, Independence, and Union?”
in which it is said that “all the Ital
ians will join to deliver their beautiful
country from the degrading yoke of
Foreigners.”
London, Feb. 21.
The report which reached town on
Saturday, that a revolution had broken
out at Lisbon, and that the coutemptible
tyrant of Portugal had fled from his capi
tal, gave general satisfaction. We are
sorry that no additional information ena
bles us to confirm the statement.
St. Espiut-Bayonne, (Lower Pyre
nees,) Feb. 14.—Spain is rapidly arming
all its frontier towns, which received re
inforcements of troops from the militia,
the recruiting of which is going on with
great activity. It is affirmed, however,
that the Spanish nation wishes for peace.
El Pastor is still at Cambo. No other
Spanish chief shows himself.
Commerce of Holland —The histo
ry of Holland shews, on an extensive
scale, the wonderful effects of well di
rected enterprize in overcoming the great
est obstacles, it does more it exhibits
those obstacles stimulating enterprize to
such a degree, as not only to overcome
the obstacles themselves, liut to produce
results more extraordinary than could
have been produced under the most fa
vorable circumstances. Upon a spot
least of all likely to be chosen for that
purpose, industry of all sorts was made
flourish, until Holland liecame the com
mercial emporium of the world Where
not only nothing was grown, but where
immense walls and embankment* were
necessary to make hfe secure;—-on a
territory, large fart of which ras nat
urally below lijgliwater mark, —them
sprang up a community small in ex
tent, but so great in wealth and pow
er, as to set the mightiest potentates
of tlie earlh at defiance. Where al
most nothing grew spontaneously, there
was the granary of the world. In Ams
terdam alone, when in its fullest glory,
there were nevertheless than 700,000
quarters of corn. All this was the re
sults of enterprize adventuring upon
the ocean—commercial enterprize;—-
brought into existance and stimulated
by the necessity of looking away from
the land for occupation and even for
subsistence.
The first important pursuit of tlie
Dutch was the herring fisherrv. One
Beucles discovered the method" of cur
ring and barreling this fish; a discovery
which was peculiarly fortunate at a
time when all Europe submitted to be
prohibited from eating butcher’s meat
two days every week, besides forty days
in continuation, at Leut. So impor
tant was tiie discovery, that the name
of Beucles was immortalized by it.
The Emperor Charles Y. visited Ins
grave in 1550, and ordered a tnsgmfi.
cient monument to be erected, to per
petuate the memory of a man -who had
rendered so signal a service to lus coun- r
tiy*
The lavv9 of Holland were, for that
age, remarkably jasr and liberal. While
the rulers of the surrounding nations,
had united-Church and State, and per
secuted all who were heretics to tha
national faith, Holland tolerated all re
ligions, and received their fugitives with
open arms* The rights of persons and
property were guranted by the laws
and faithfully maintained by the Courts,
Various causes have conspired to de
press the Commerce of Holland. Her
immense expenses in the wars she car
ried on, left her under an oppressive
weight of taxtion. —Rival nations, nor
les9 enterpizeing and skilful, have
sprung up under more favorable cir
cumstances, and London has become to
the commercial world what Amster
dam was.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Anecdote of Mrs. Bums. —lt is gener
ally known that Mrs. Burns has, ever
since her husband’s death, occupied ex
actly the same house in Dumfries which
she inhabited before that event, and it is
customary for strangers, who happen to
pass through, or visit that town, to pay
their respects to her, with, or without let
ters of introduction, precisely as they do
to the church-yard, the bridge, the har
bor, or any other public object of curiosi
ty about the place. A gay young English
gentleman one day visited Mrs. Burns,
and after he had seen all that she had to
.'” u room in which the poet
died, his original puiuuu. oy XNasmyth, ms
family bible, with the names and birth
days of himself, his wife, and children,
written on a blank leaf hy his own hand
and some other trifles of the same nature
—he proceeded to intreat that she would
have the kindness to present h;m with
some relic of the poet, which he might
carry away with him. ana wonder s o show
in his own country. “Indeed, sir,” said
Mrs. Burns, “I have given away so ma
ny relics of Mr. Burns, that, to tell the
truth, I have not one left.” “Oh, you
must surely have something,” said th«
persevering Saxon; “anything will do—
any little scrap of his hand writing—the
least thing you please. All I want, is
just a relic of the poet; and any thing, you
know, will do for a relic.” Some further
altercation took place, the lady re-assert
ing that stie Hart no relic io give, and lie
as repeatedly renewing his request. At
length, fairly tired out with the man’s im
portunities, Mrs. Burns said to him, with
a smile. “ ’Deed sir, unless ye tak’ my*
sel’ then, I dinna see how ye are to get
what ye want; for really I’m the only re
lict o’ him that I ken o’.” The petitioned
at once withdrew his request.
—:oooo:
A Lawyer's story. —Tom strikes Dick
over the shoulders with a rattan as big as
your little finger. A lawyer would tell
you the story something in this way.
“And that, whereas the said Thomas,
at the said Providence, in' the year and
day aforesaid, in and upon the body of
the said Richard, in the peace of God and
the State, then and there being, did make
a most violent assault; &, inflicted a r great"
many and divers blows, kicks, cuffii.
thumps, humps, contusions, gashes*'
wounds, hurts damages and injuries, in
and upon the head, neck, breast, stomach,
lips, knees, shins and heels of the said
Richard, with divers sticks, staves, canes,
poles, clubs, logs of wood, stones, guns,,
dirks, swords; daggers, pistols, cutlasses,
bludgeons, bluaderbusses and boarding
pikes, then and there held in the hands,
fists, claw and ciuches of him, the said
Thomas.
—:oooo:
A Clincher. —This word is frequently
made use of when some circumstance ic
related which it would be an insult to th©
understanding to believe; hut as it is sel
dom heard but among the lowest orders
of society, so it entirely derives its origin
from thence. Two journeyman mechan
ics were one day contending for superior
ity in the art of invention, and at length
laid a wager which of them could coin the
greatest lie. When the stakes were de
posited, he that was to begin swore vehe
mently that one moon-light night he threw
a tenpemiv nail with such force, that it
went through the body of the moon which
was then at full. That’s true, said his
opponent, for I was on the other side
at tbo very moment, and with