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German Professor*s Curious , Interesting
and Intimate Life With His Simian Cousins.
jjROFEESOR ALEXANDER BOkWLoWSKY , o former pupi! of
/ fJie £7reaf Professor Ernst Haeckel, lias made a prolonged study of
the great apes with a view to ascertaining how far they possess
human characteristics. Professor Sokoloicsky has come to the conclusion
that these animals really possess a soul similar to that of man, and he
gifts his reasons for this belief with convincing elaboration.
Professor Sokolowsky has lived with a great number of the apes for
years in Hagcnbeck's famous animal park at Stcllinger. He has shared
their meals and lived as nearly as possible their oicn life. He now pub
lishes his conclusions.
Searching the Simian Soul.
Ey PROF. ALEXANDER SOKOLOWSKY, Member of the
International Institute of Zoological Psychology.
ALONG and close study of tho large
anthropoid apes the gorilla, he
chimpanzee and the orang-outang—
bus satisfied me that these animate possess
a soul resembling in some degree that of
man.
By soul I mpnrTa mental life, character
ized by the attributes of self-consclo isn’ss,
consc ms personal deutity, reason, con
sciousiiess and the higher emotions.
I will begin with tl e gorilla. during the
last three years I have bad the opportunity
to study .o less than ..ight gorillas, froi
six to el ,t years old, and It was possible
to securi from this umber an individual
well wor.uy of study.
It wag noticeable from the star* that
they felt themselves apart from their sur
roundings. They were shy and withdrew
from the company if men_. Their phys!
ognomles took on an nmlstakable look o'
melancholy and sadness. Evidently they
could not bear being ueprived of their free
dom. They oit very quietly In a corner
of the cage, with in expression of resigna
tion on their laces, a .d they take no Inter
eat In anything, even in laelr keepers.
As a rule the poor gorillas live
only a short time in ap.lvlty. even hough
they nre taken very young. Soon after they
are captured their voices become weaker,
they hold their hands before their eyes,
avoid seeing man and eventually are found
curled up dead. Post-mortem examinations
prove that they have not died of any po
eifle disease, but that they simply was'e
away from grief. Their life energ - an.,
love of life nre destroyed by captivity, and
so they cease to live.
These characteristics, so far from show
ing that the gorilla Is a mere wild ani
mal, point strongly to a mnn-llke soul, for
man Is of all animals the one who suf
fers most ', captivity.
The possession of" uch intense feeling by
these apes lends considerable weight to thr
theory, which has been so strengthened by
the discovery of he remains of Pithecan
thropus Erectus —“the ape-man walking
erect”—ln Java, of ue near relat' ship of
the apes to man. If the r.pe belongs to the
same race as man, then he must possess n
soul. The gorilla, wLou observed at liberty,
shows some remarkably .;uman character
istics He lives In a polygamous family ;
but It Is a family, not a troop, and the
male gorilla not ooly lovldes food, but de
fends wives and children from enemies
even with bis life.
When the Microscope Is a Life-Saver.
THERE are certain diseases whoa# ap
proach la «o Insidious that ordinary
means of diagnosis are apt to ho
«t fault until It la too late to make u»e of
prevratlve meaatire*. t
Xfpliold fever, for tnatanre, la often fa *
advanced before even lbe aklllfd phyaldan
la able to determine exactly what alia bla
patient—unleaa he baa bethought bin -elf
to examine a drop of hla patient', blood
under the mlcroacope.
Xhla la a germ dlaeaae which tuna Ita
rourae In alx weeka—unleaa the patient
auccumba aooner through heart failure ow
ing to long-continued high temperature, or
perforation of the Inleatluea and reaultlug
perltonttla.
'l'he germa of typhoid propagate and atti!
tlply la the Inteatinal tract. If their prea
ence la detected early enough, there nr#
hygienic measures to be Mkeu which «■ -ii
materially lessen the chance* of « wrlwn
attack of th** 41 sense Tbs microscope
furnish#* art infallible mean# of detecting
i
tb**patient (««li that b# la really 111
Suppose * *stuple of blood comet through
the mall to the bacteriological laboratory
iu on# of the patent little tin making hot#*
It distributes, from a doctor out In the
country, who wish#*.* to know whether it
contains typhoid germs He baa a pa
Ikbt who has been suickta sad who baa
One of my eight gorillas, whom I kept
In an Inclosure, hut not In a cage, is ap
parently tnmed. lie seems to be pos
sessed of a certain sense of humor, play
ing jokes on those about him. lie
laughs, opening his mouth and wrink
ling his cheeks In queer, fashion. This
gorilla Is accustomed to be carried by a
negro and Is devoted to his oearer. lie
loves to play and ,i very susccpt. e to
kindly treatment. When sleeping he .les
either on his back or - i his side, with one
arm under his head, a most human pos
ture. Ho can even pick out hie master
from a large number ot soldiers uniformed
exactly alike.
I was particularly impressed by the
human characteristics of the gorilla when
I found that be displayed anger when be
was laughed at or otherwise ridiculed.
This, I think, Is peculiarly Indicative of
the possession of a soul, 4or only an ani
mal endowed with the highest form of
self-consciousness can be subject to ridi
cule.
When I laughed at my favorite gorilla,
he would sulk bide his head and refuse
to play with mo for three or four days
afterward. Incidentally he displayed a
very powerful memory.
After taking a large and appetlzluß
meal, my gorilla would fold his hands
across bis distended stomach, assume an
expression of great happiness and con
tentment, and finally fall Into a deep
slumber. In this be displayed something
more than an animal appreciation of a
good meal. He showed an aesthetic enjoy
ment, If I may term It so, of the pleasures
of the palate, and this was urther evi
dence of the possession of the higher na
ture called the voul.
It Is a remarkable fact that the gorilla’s
skeleton is Identical in respect to form
with that of man. The only difference Is
that the gorlllu’s bones nre heavier. His
bands, and arms, legs and every character
istically human feature are exuctly like
those of men.
The gorilla certainly takes high rank
mentally among the apes, on accor.ut ot
the way In whl<-h he care# for his family.
The young of this species Is nearer to
human as the characteristics of
the wild beast are not so fully developed
In him. My favorite gorilla wag easily in
sulted, but could bo controlled by a kind
word. He did not throw himself on his
food like ati animal, but ate It slowly,
such perplexing symptom* that be can't
d**rld» iio\v to treat film.
One thousandth of a gram of this drop
of dried blood Is scraped from the little
disk of tin on which It rests, with a sharp
f f **el iriwtriiment. and is dissolved in one
tenth of one cubic centimeter of distilled
water. This l» dropped upon a little glass
slide with a hollow In the centre, and to It
N added one drop of a culture of typhoid
germs
i .<n all Is put nsid# for two hours at
ordinary room heat. At the end of this
time the slide Is put beneath th# micro
scone. The typhoid germs, which have been
added In the solution of typhoid spoken of.
can be seen plainly. If there was typhoid
In to# original drop of blood they will be
clumped together In solid mass. If not, they
vj|| »e swimming around separately. Tn#
doctor can then tie notlfte 1 nnd will koow
at once how to proceed with his case.
In the life fluid of persons who are not
Hi with the disease there are ordinarily no
sggutlnins. In about 5 per cent, of people
who an* alck with typhoid agglutinins do
not appear, for some queer reason of per
- ,u*v Of yet under, ,«,d Hut
In a!| other typhoid cases there are aggiu
.l iu*. 1 t.c ir preeeoce. S causing the
clumping of germs, reveals the disease.
w ~ the country doctor receives his
shnl/*!s from the bacteriological laboratory
and It ehows the presence of typhoid
geri.’is, he U no longer In doubt, and Is
ften able, by preventive nnd general
hygienic measures, to ward off a serious
attack of tua dlseaat.
taking It In his fingers, like a human be
ing. smelling It first to see if it were good,
and then slowly biting Into It.
ne was very Inquisitive, observing and
trying to understand everything. Ho
seemed to reflect, and try to form a Judg
ment upon any new object presented to
him. He trusted his keepers, eating what
they brought him, without smelling, but
sour milk was brought one day, and after
that he always tasted the milk carefully
before drinking it.
When he was brought to the Animal
Park and placed In the hot sunshine, he
sought the shade of his own accord, as
any man would. Lie was always meas
ured lu movement, seeming to carefully
consider whatever he was to do.
The chimpanzee ranks next to the
gorilla In human characteristics. t wns
greatly Interested to observe that as soon as
the chimpanzee wns clad In human clothes
he became remarkably neat and cleanly In
his habits. When he was kept wld ami
naked he wns slovenly and dirty, like most
other animnls, but as soon as he was
dressed In clean clothes, he straightened
up, assumed a serious air and seerntd lo
develop a sense of self-respect that com
pelled him to keep his clothes clean and
behave properly.
In this respect he showed a lemarknble
characteristic of humau nature, for It Is
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Professor 9okolowsky Teaching Hla Orang Jacob to Walk
Lika Himself.
Absolutely certain that a man tends to be
come uent, cleanly sod well behaved when
be la well dressed.
The rhlrnpanr.ee, though a near re Ml live of
the gorilla, live* under very different condi
tion# when In thw forest. He does not lend
n family life as the gorilla does, but
a troop life, and this probably mak*s him
more noisy snd demonstrative. To define
the differences of their character* :r» two
words, the gorilla Is melancholic nnd the
chlmpansee sanguine lit temperament. The
latter I* made more lively by bis comndnil
mode of life, while the former, living in a
more lonely way, develops n different tem
perament. We noticed that the chimpanzees
fixed their attention ou any object for
only a short time, while the gorillas con
centrated their attention and kept It so
longer. The chimpanzee was fitful, the
gorilla thoughtful.
The gorilla resembles the calm, slow
thinking man of the Northern races, while
'T ; ; . ;
it
.
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MBf 1 , s-
SB*® < - t
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■ Hriir iff11 ffi f \ TH vf'Wk/ 1 T ‘Si+lSMf
Skeletons of the
Gorilla and Man,
Showing That
They Are Exact
ly Similar Ex
cept in Propor
tionate Develop
ment. J
pr~ | ■
I A j ;,,_
The
Young
Chimpanzee
Morlta
Learning
to Walk.
the chimpanzee Is more like the excitable,
talkative Latin.
When punished the gorilla feels insulted
and remembers it a long time. #ii * chim
panzee has to lie punished more frequently
because ho forgets quickly. The chit.ipnn
zee makes friends with any one; the gorilla
makes few friendN and slowly, hut usvar
forgets them.
njhii.:sf.V, C Lfi
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(liff yotjnj- cblmpanx##. .iiotv gnu it a*
to'-hiuont In tlielv kci'piTa, tviiillu* v/|i#n
lIK-y lunvt, ll,# #„tt# I- mi-Ij nos pm
mnrkmi H n Ijirtj-Mtjnllry, i-van In fit. l <•*
I"""* 1 "" " r loiinfi-iiaiu-v, that tln-v nrr- n»i
t‘n*lly vnnfiiHvii '!),#, rnunffi-Mt muni, joy,
worry, imwl,lliij<ii#«», tear Of pnnlaii O It
mi.) Jaaloitry, n» well u « ilrep rmlnr-aa anil
.ufforlna.
Wa found that tiotli th# rlifiiipanx#.' and
• 'ifln.a w#r# fonil of toil wj„# lutxod with
The Young Orang Outang’a
Tottering Footatep*.
3
<v»lt*r and that It «#nm#d to t># K"" n ,l,r
tlioin 'llo-y worn .-nully trained hy k 1 "' 1
M'S and most teachable.
They were tnught In sit ,nf table find »'f‘t
In orderly fnslilon. The cbliii.iMii/'-e
Morlta and the ornng* Jacob and H'*-e
sat In their chairs, waiting patiently afld
politely until the food was passed to them
If Moritz had enjoyed all the nt‘*k lie
wanted, tho keeper had only t-* *:iy '•
"l»tu'i you want any more milk? 'I ceu
The Gorilla's Expression
of Human Satisfaction
After a Full Meal.
The Chimpanzee Becomww Meat and
Cleanly When Well Dressed.
give It to Roan,” and he would pass the
bottle to fie .rang
On otic occasion, when w» wan ed to
photograph the orang Jacob, tie wool I not
slnii'l quietly The keeper went, up to him.
spoke harshly at first, and then stroked
him gently, and he stood us quietly us we
wished. It ttnnot be denied that mini <n n
exert a menial Influence upon these apes
I have no doubt that there are slumbering
psychical powers In these highly organ
ized creatures which man can awaken.
All the apes, when kept ttrn!d favorable
surroundings, showed a natural tendency
to walk upright on their hind legs like
men. While this Is not direct evidence
tiuit they possess a soul, It Is strong evi
dence of their possessing the same In
st inn aas man. The reason lho apes very
often go <ui all fours In a wild state Is
that they rind so many obstructions which
they must ell rub over, hut when they find
fhemeelvcs on a comfortable lawn or a side
walk they walk erect.
I had i \o ■ ili ipniiz- es and three orang
oufangs who walked perfectly upright snd
ac.ompanled me In my walk*.
'I here is no doubt of the power of mem
ory In tin >o spoil, a* has been often
piored Karl liagenbeck left the park
and went to England for two weeks. Ha
Mid hardly entered the place on hla re
turn when tin* chimpanzee Moritz, uttered
« Joyful "Oooooo!" When the ape Is
frightened this cry Is high and sharp, tit
t«'»ed at short intervals. At the same time
the animal strike* the ground with the flat
of tils hand and jumps about excitedly.
Ilf gostl'Milates with both hands as lit
crb*«, in tills respect resembling very close.
I y the savage who expresses hla feelings
by meanlngli * ejaculation and gestures.
If will l»« need Interesting to learn how
the '• apes eoilliuunleflte with each other
When at liberty. This Is a subject which
s« ' ritlsts are now Investigating In wild
places. The oraugs have excellent mem
ories, two of them welcoming u fomier
owner whom they had not seen for seveX
The orang Is different from the gorilla
end the < lilmjoin/-«•, not only In build of
body, but In temperament as well. If
the first Is melancholic and thr second san
guine the orang may la- clA*«lfled ns
phlegmatic He Is lesa sulky and selfish
than the gorilla, but not so evanescent
and flighty as Hie r him pan zee. He laughs
when tickled, P< onto,* attached to bis
keepers, but does not welcome every one.
II < h bit'die t Is stronger than that of tbs
fbliniuin/.<•••. He doe* not pint away la
captivity like the gorillas, being resigned
to his fate The orang is so lazy that eve*
the ' l»bnj. in/* »• « .mn<*t lempt him to Jump
about l' l sport. If he h ives out position
It is for a definite purposa.