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Official Organ of the Patrons of Husbandry.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA, AUGUST 12, 1875.
The State School Fund.
The State School Fund for the cur
rent year, has been apportioned to the
various counties. The amount appor
tioned last year was $265,000. The
amount this year, is $151,304. Last
year the whole of the poll tax was in
eluded in the amount apportioned.
Now, the poll tax collected in each
county is retained in the county, to be
applied to the support of schools. This
s the reason of the difference. The
poll tax is paid over directly to the
County School Commissioners by the
tax collectors.
The poll tax is, however, a very un
stable reliance, and this fact, when
taken in connection with the smallness
of the regular fund, and with the fur.
th er fact that the education of over
four hundred thousand persons, of the
legal school age, is to be provided for
will show how slim the foundations of
our public school system are, and how
much is still to be done before the vast
accumlation of mental darkness all over
our country can be dispelled and prop
erly illumined by the genial rays of
knowledge.
North Georgia Agricultural College.
- Through Hon. W. P. Price, Presi
dent of the Board of Trustees of this
important State institution, we have
been favored with a copy of the official
report concerning the status of the
College. Two hundred and four pupils
attended during the past six mouths,
and the attendance is largely increas
ing. Ampler accommodations, and in
creased means of instruction, had to
be provided, and the Board of Trus
tees of the State University, of which
this College is auxilliary, is asked to
meet the small but necessary addition
al outlay for teachers’ salaries. From
actual count, this Institution has sent
forth forty-one teachers, who are now
engaged in the State schools. The
number of children taught last fall by
teachers who were selected from the
young men and young ladies of the
College, was over one 'thousand two
hundred.
Surveying instruments, and other
scientific apparatus, have been added
to the facilities of the College. The
students’ Herald, a spicy monthly, is
published by the scholars; and, alto
gether, the spirit of progress is evi
dent in every department. Col. Lew is,
the able head of the Faculty, excellent
ly assisted, receives and deserves un
qualified praise; and everything has
been done, with the means at com
mand, to make the North Georgia Col
lege an honor to the State University,
of which it is a part, and a blessing to
be seen and felt all over Georgia.
Picnic.
The Mountain and Kelly Granges,
and other Patrons of Husbandry, in
dulged in a most enjoyable picnic, in
Walton county recently. A large crowd
was present, able addresses were made
by Gen. Colquitt, Rev. D. E. Butler and
Rev. G. A. Nunnally. It was a feast
physically and mentally.
The Savannah News discourages the
efforts to induce Georgia, or Georgia’s
citizens, to financially promote Phila
delphia’s big show. The people of the
reconstructed States are too poor to
indulge in such a luxury, for the benefit
of others, and Congress is solemnly
pledged against any such appropriation
of the people’s money. The News,
however, hopes that in 1976, the South
will be in a condition to be properly
represented, and to achieve her full
share of the honors.
We acknowledge, with thanks, the
reception of complimentary tickets to
the National Exposition of Agriculture,
Horticulture, Mechanics, Minerals and
Art, which will open at Rome, Georgia,
I from October 4th to the 9th, 1875. It
is contemplated, by the managers, to
make this Exposition one of the most
interesting ever held in that section of
our State.
' C»,xi is the brave mans hope and not the
r Award’s excuse.
THE GEORGIA GRANGE.
Philosophy of the Public School Sys
tem,
The public sentiment of this age in
all civilized and progressive countries,
has made it an axiom of State polity
that the State, in the interest of the
people, individually and collectively,
should protide good and sufficient
means for giving what is known as a
common school education to all to
whom it is necessary that such educa
tion should be given. This principle
having been made a binding law by the
power of public opinion, has thus been
placed beyond the point where its oppo
nents could successfully assail it. It
is unquestionable that the grade of
good citizenship cannot be attained
without the aid of an education, which
shall at least reach the reasonable, and,
in fact, limited standard adopted by
the common school system ; therefore,
it is the sacred duty of the State to
secure its own welfare, or, in other
words, to secure “the greatest good to
the greatest number”—by an economi
cal, systematic and thorough applica
tion of revenues, raised by legitimate
general taxation, and other available
means, for the sustaining of schools
wherein rich or poor, high or low, na
tive or foreign—all the elements that
compose communities and common
wealths —can freely and fully receive
the inestimable boon that fits them for
the grave duties of citizenship, and, at
least approximately,makes competent to
satisfy the demands of modern civiliza
tion. As neither of the mixed ele
ments form communities de
mand any prerogative rights, or special
favor in the distribution of public
funds devoted to the promotion of a
common public end, it fellows, by equal
ly logical sequence, that no particular
religious sect or denomination can de
mand, or expect discriminative legisla
tion in thi« matter ; to do so is arro
gance in its most despicable shape, an
insult to the public justice, and a co
vert attempt to pervert the golden rule
of civil government.
Os course, any sect, denomination,
or civil body, has the right to educate
its own children in the way most suita
ble to its private interests, at its own
expense; but the public purse that de
frays necessary expenses of public
schools, must be kept devoted to that
sole object as a sacred trust, held in the
name of the people, never to be tam
’|lfced with under any circumstances.
What our Order haa Accomplished.
The Worthy Lecturer of the Nation
al Grange states : “ Six years ago no
manufacturers dealt with us directly,
no elevators or warehouses were owned
by us, and no banks or insurance
companies were controlled by us. Now,
in one State alone there are 38 fire in
surance companies, and more than half
of the warehouses and elevators in
lowa and Wisconsin are under our con
trol. Furthermore, we have agents in
every section of the country to whom
we ship our products, and from
them we receive forty to fifty per cent,
more than we used to receive from lo
cal buvers. In consequence of these
agents, who are bound for the ties of
brotherhood and many heavy bonds,
the Patrons of Husbadry saved in 1873,
$5,000,000 ; in 1874, $12,000,000, and
according to present indications will
save at least $20,000,000 in 1875. Six
vears ago there were 10 granges ; the
next year there were 38, the next 39,
the next 10,000, the next 20,000. Now
there are fifteen granges joining our
ranks daily, and we number over 1,-
500,000. Our experience is pointed
proof that women are worthy mem
bers of every Union. We have 400,-
000 of them among us, and we ought
to be qualified to give an opinion of
this kind.
Wasteful Liberality.—One reports
in The Outlook, that, on the day after
the late Bunker Hill celebration, “An
eccentric Boston millionaire expended
fifteen thousand dollars in entertaining
our Southern guests, at his farm in
Wellesley. The occasion was the lay
ing of the corner-stone of a new pig
pen. The Governor of the Stste, and
other dignitaries, were present.”
Although there is no intimation to
that effect in the report, we are strong
ly inclined to believe, that the object
iof rhe millionaire was not to confer
honor on his Southern guests, but to
burlesque the demonstration made in
their favor by the managers of the
Bunker Hill celebration. We are con
firmed in this opinion by the additional
report, that “Free liquor was served by
men arrayed as demons, with horns,
and hoofs, and tails.”
The Farmers’ Mteetiug at Dalton.
The State Agricultural Society met
in Dalton on Tuesday. About two
hundred delegates were present. The
citizens cordially welcomed the Society.
Dr. Maxwell, W. M. of the Tennessee
State Grange, Gov. Smith, and other
distinguished visitors, were present.
Dr. Pendleton read a very valuable
essay, on “Scientific Agriculture,”
which will be published. The delega
tion from the English Co-operative So
cieties were received with enthusiasm,
and spoke eloquently on the subject of
their mission to this country. In re
sponse, speeches were made by ex-Gov
ernor Brown, Gen. Colquitt, Chancel
lor Tucker, Maj. Cooper and Col. Tom
Hardeman. Resolutions were passed,
favoring the great objects of the dele
gation, and appointing a committee to
investigate the details, and report at
the earliest practicable hour. Colquitt,
Brown, Tucker, Cooper, Vason, Bar
rett and Adams, is the committee.
A resolution was passed, earnestly
urging upon the Legislature the neces
sity for the passage of a law making
it a penal offense to purchase farm
products after nightfall. The report
of the committee appointed to consid
er the matter of the charter and arti
cles of association of the Mississippi
Valley Trading Company, was highly
favorable. The Company is genuine,
and a legally constituted association,
acting under the general laws of Great
Britain. The committee commend it
to the confidence of the people of
Georgia. This, and the following re
port of the general committee, were
unanimously adopted:
Resolved, That this Convention highly ap
proves the objects proposed, and as organi
zation is essential to success, and as the organ
izations known as the Patrons of Husbandry
and Direct Trade Union, have already the
machinery in operation which is necesnry to
advance this enterprise, we respectfully re
commend that said organizations take this
matter into their hands and control, open
books of subscription for stock in this com
pany, and make proper provisions for the
protection of the funds subscribed in the
United States, by the e’ection of a competent
and reliable American Board.
Resolved, That this Convention commend
said plan to its members, and the public gen
erally.
The following resolutions offered by
Col. Fannin, of Troup, and supported
by an able speech by Col. D. E. Butler,
were unanimously adopted :
Whereas, The establishment of a depart
ment of agriculture as an official organ i*>r the
promotion of the agricultural interests of this
State was in conformity with the frequently and
urgently expressed wish of this society, from
time to time for years past; and whereas, we
see in it the realization of our wishes on
this subject, and the means of immense ben
efit, in a great variety of ways, to all these
interests, and have observed witli pleasure the
zeal and energy with which the Commissioner
has entered upon the discharge of his duties:
Reselved, That this Convention hereby ex
presses its gratification in view of the wise and
liberal policy of the legislature in establishing
and endowing the department of agriculture,
upon the recommendation of Gov. James M.
Smith, and the hope that its means will be en
larged as far as may be necessary to its utmost
efficiency.
Resolved, That the happy conception of
the duties of his office upon the part of the
Commissioner, Dr. T. P. Janes, as exhibited
in his annual report and the laborious and
efficient discharge of those duties, meets with
the approbation of this Convention ; it here
by renews the pledges of co-operation im
plied in the past action of the Society, and
expressed in tne report of the Executive
Committee at Thomasville.
Resolved, That this obnvention desires to
express its earnest satisfaction at the general
harmony which prevails among the agen
cies, official and voluntary, for the promo
tion of the industrial interests of Georgia,
to-wit: the Department of Agriculture, the
Geological Survey, State College of Agricul
ture, North Georgia Agricultural College,
State Grange, the county societies and
granges and this association. This generous
and harmonious co-operation is full of prom
ise and we earnestly hope for its continuance
and its fruits.
The following officers of the Society
were elected:
President—A. H. Colquitt.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :
• Ist district—Col. G. R, Black.
2d “ T. W. Flemming.
3d “ Gen. O. O. Horne.
4th “ J. H. Fannin.
sth “ G. W. Adair.
6th “ L. F. Livingston.
7th “ G. H. Waring.
Sth “ Zack H. Clark.
9th “ Gen. W. M. Browne.
Members of Executive Committee :
Ist district—P. Stotesbu v.
2d “ Dr. J. R. jines.
3d “ M. J. Hatcher.
4th “ J. M. Mobley.
sth “ J. C. Ragsdale.
6th “ T. G. Holt.
7th “ W. H. Bonner.
Sth “ J. Davison.
9th “ Dr. W. L. Jones.
The fine report of Dr. Little, State
Geologist, was listened to with deep in
terest. It was requested for publica
tion. The “ personal experience” feature
of the discussion, was highly edifying.
A number of interesting essays were
read by leading agriculturists. After
much discussion, Quitman had been
selected as the place for the next meet
ing. but the resolution was finally re
scinded and the place is now fixed, in
acceptance of a a generous invitation
extended for Brunswick, and the meet
ing will occur there in February next.
Our Next State Fair.
Our next State Fair at Macon will
give our enterprising farmers a chance
at a premium list of more than ordinary
interest and value. The Fair will
doubtless excel any yet- held in the
State. Under its present excellent
management, seconded by the efforts of
an ntelligent agricultural community,
and brimful of practical benefits to
Georgia, it cannot fail of reaching the
standard of perfection. Great interest
in the Fair is manifested in all parts of
Georgia, and a unanimous movement
will be made to ensure its most brilliant
success.
As an evidence of the efforts that
are being made to make this one of the
grandest expositions of the year, and to
indicate the prospects for success, we
give the following from the Macon
Telegraph and Messenger, cordially en
dorsing its commendatory expressions:
“Mr. Malcom Johnston, in his tour
through the West and North, in the interests
of the exhibition, appears to have been re
ceived with unexampled cordiality in every
city he has visited. The fame of the Empire
State of the South, the enterprise, energy and
industry of her sons, the complete restoration
of the State government under the auspices of
the ancient owners of the soil, her financial
credit abroad, teeming crops and rapid mate
rial progress, all seem to have deeply impress
ed the people of other States, and they intend
to come to our beautiful city of Macon, and
see for themselves the condition of Georgia.
That the old Commonwealth will be fully
alive to its duty and come to the front with
the best possible display of her varied re
sources, no one can doubt, from the interest
which has already been manifested.
In an interview with President Colquitt, he
stated that every day the assurance grows
stronger and stronger that the Fair will prove
a grand and triumphant success. The display
of blooded stock will be larger, more ma
chinery and improved agricultural imple
ments will be on the ground, greater miscella
ny and variety obtain in the objects on exhibi
tion, and the crowd from abroad promises far
to exceed any similiar previous gathering.
Left to themselves without the adventitious
assistance of the turf, and the numerous sport
ing addenda of roulette tables, faro banks, and
other ingenious devices to attract and gull the
crowd, the exposition will stand upon its own
merits and be the.-true exemplar of the indus
try and resources of the State. As such all
the good and patriotic will rally to its sup
port, and whatever honor and renown may be
acquired will be fairly won.
In its Secretary, Mr. Malcom Johnston
the association possesses an ardent, intelligent
and enterprising representative, who is devo
ting his every energy to the object in view.
Hon. Frederick Watts, Commissioner of
Agriculture, and Gen. J. R. Dodge, Statisti
ean, and probably other distinguished officials
and visitors from the Federal capital, may be
expected to attend the Fair. The work goes
bravely on, and we trust the exposition w 11,I 1 ,
indeed, reflect honor upon our State and peo
ple.” _
Two Richmond* in the Field.
The infantile modesty of the Evening
Herald prompts this new three-cent
venture to say, in its characteristically
diffident style, that its resources are su
perior to any other evening paper in the.
city. The Commonwealth, in its usual
spunky, incisive way acknowledges the
Herald's superior “ resources,” but sar
castically adds —
“ Neither have we a stock company with a
paid up capital of $50,000, backed by such
an able exploiter as Hannibal Hi Kimball,
and sanctified by the blessings of such a
lovely Christian as the great and good Bishop
Haven, to uphold and comfort us.”
Nevertheless, the indomitable Sawyer
proposes to “ front ” this terrible
hvdra, undismayed, aud promises to
“ pitch into it, whenever it is swayed by
evil influences to advocate the wrong.”
This seems to imply that the good
Bishop and the High Kimball are capa
ble of exercising “ evil influence” while
upholding and comforting their girotege.
Harris, of the Savannah News, should
investigate this matter, aud ascertain
whether Sawyer holds “ Hi, low, jack
and the game” in the hollow of his
hand, as he seems to intimate.
Meeting with the English Del
egation.—An interesting meeting of
the delegation from the English’Co-op
erative Societies with prominent capi
talists and planters, took place at the
Atlanta Chamber of Commerce rooms
last week. The English visitors. Hon.
T. D. Worrall, Dr. J. H. Rutherford,
E. V. S. Neele and J. Thomas were
cordially welcomed by Col. G. W. Adair.
The members of the delegation respon
ded, aud in their addresses explained the
nature and purposes of their mission.
Gen. Colquitt, in his usual able manner
expounded the principles of direct trade
as applicable to the demands of South
ern commerce, and heartily approved
the design of the English co-operative
bodies.
In the evening, another meeting was
held in the Capitol, presided over by
Col. W. M. Lowry with J. J. Toon, Esq.,
as Secretary. Dr. Worrall and Hon. Wy
att Aiken, of South Carolina, spoke
eloquently upon these themes, and deep*
interest was manifested by the large
audience present. We trust great good
will result.
Ti.e human heart is made for love, a- the
household hearth for fire; and for truth, as
the household lamp for light.
Southern Fruit Trade.
The iron arms of trade are ex
tending in all directions, binding to
gether the remote sections of our
country, and pouring into the lap o*
each other, their exchangable wealth.
Atrade which promises soon to achieve
immense proportions; has recently put
itself into permanent form —the trade
in semi-tropical fruits, grown in Flori
da and Southern Georgia—and which
the demand in the cities of the North
west is constantly augmenting.
The Gulf Railroad Company are pre
paring to carry vast quantities of fruit
to these cities next season. One hun
dred and twenty-five car loads of water
melons, were carried from Live Oak to
Chicago and St. Louis this season, and
the pecuniary results were very satis
factory. The production, says the Sava
nnah News, will be enormously increased
the coming year. Ventilated cars are
now being built for this trade, on the
model of those used for similar pur
poses on the Illinois Central Railroad.
Granges.
The true Patrons of Husbandry
may be congratulated on their suc
cess in pressing through the political
mill without being ground to powder
and blown away. When the Order
began to- grow rapidly into large
proportions, designing men ingratia
ted themselves with it for the pur
pose of advancing their selfish de
signs. There was a vast number of
voters banded together in a well or
ganized body, not for the purpose of
voting, but to advance their social,,
moral and intellectual interests, and to
secure commercial benefits. As nearly
every man is a politician, it was thought
impossible for the organization, em
bracing so many voters, to be kept
from asserting itself a political party.
Its best members and true friends la
bored ardently and constantly to avert
this disaster, knowing that when it as
sumed such a role it must lose sight of
the real objects for which it was de
vised, and forfeit the sympathy aud
respect of outsiders. They succeeded
well. The Order came out of the cru
cible purified, and with its integrity
vindicated. It has lost some of its
members, who joined to use and per
vert it, but it is better for the loss.
The organization served well the ouly
political purpose it consistently could.
It set its members to thinking, and in
duced them to take an active part in
the campaigns as indivinuals. If the
result is the triumph of the Democrat
ic party, the reason is that the princi
ples of this party are in harmony with
the interests of the great masses of the
people.
For the Georgia Grange.]
The Cotton Crop.
At a regular meeting of Flint River
Grange, July 31st, after the business
had been disposed of, the Master re
quested each member present to give
his prospect for a cotton crop, as com
pared with the prospect July Ist.
There was a large scope of country
represented by the members present,
and after a concise statement from each
of the average made, it was found to
be a falling off of thirty-six and one
half per cent. That is, with a good
season from now, the crop cannot be
more than sixty-three and one-half per
cent, of what it badefair to be July Ist.
These statements were made from each
individual’s farm. Respectfully,
J. M.
Fort Vailey, Ga.
New Grange.
In Floyd county, on July 10th, that
indefatigable brother, C. S. (“Confed
erate States”) Harris, Master of Oos
tanaula Grange, organized a rousing
new Grange, with W. F, Dempsey as
Master, and S. H. Kyle Secretary, with
thirty-seven other members
Brother Harris reports the Grange
interest all alive in his county, and pro
gressing. We cheerfully add our be
lief, that this condition of Grange af
fairs is mainly due to his unflagging
zeai, and devotion ; and if we had less
Micawbers in the Grange “waiting for
something to turn up,” and more bold
workers using the opportunities and
means already in theif hands, a glo
rious success would be ours.
The plague, or Black- Death, has
waked from its thirty years sleep in
the East, and is reported to be spread
ing with rapidity in Asia. About
eighty years ago, it desolated Russia,
and one hundred and fifty years have
passed since it ravaged and almost
depopulated some parts of Europe.
The Franklin.—There is no better printing
establishment in Georgia than The Franklin.
In short, no man can want any thing in the
printing line, that J. P. Harrison 4 Co. cannot
do up beautifully, aud their work cannot be ex
celled. The building is magnificently fitted tin
for business, and The Franklin in O. K. in
even - resnect. — Atlanta C< <.s‘'i'Wion.
I For the Georgia Grange.]
A PHACTICAL LETTER.
Bail -Proof Oats Grain V*. Cotton
Crops--A f'eetied Reform-Fall
Sowing, etc.
National Hotel, Atlanta , Ga. , /
August 11 »j, 1875. j
Georgia Grange—Dear Brother:
Hurriedly through i < the State
Agricultural Convention at Dalton,
pardon me for dropping y< u a hasty
communication, as I promi-ed in my
last to furnish this week the names of
parties that have the Irwin County
Rust-proof Oats to sell. Now is the
time for our brothers of the plow to
secure this valuable variety of oats, to
seed in the fall. The idea of spring
sowing is erroneous, though should a
person be reduced to the necessity ot
spring sowing, no oats in this country,
in my opinion, is as safe as this va
riety.
The great anxiety I have manifested
in the sowing largely of small grain
next fall, is predicated upon the opin
ion ihat our safety depends upon revo
lutionizing planting, to the extent of
materially curtailing cotton planting
and increasing the grain crops. This is
the key to the trouble complained of,
want of remuneration for our earnest
and constant efforts, the perplexities .
of the labor, the dilapidation of our
homes and farms, etc. With a large
acreage of small grain we have time to
improve our houses and fences, clear
land, dig ditches, and do every other
necessary work on the farm, and when
over, will make our homes more attrac
tive —which is very much to be desired,
to prevent the wifd idea of going West.
We have the best country on earth
when improved properly.
Do inspire our farmers and planters
with the idea of making this needed
reform. Do not let them say they
have not land to sow down ; that they
cannot get seed to sow; etc. I have
put myself to some inconvenience to
find out where our brothers can get the
celebrated Irwin county oats, a variety
that is sure against rust, early and
prolific; aud can be bought of Thomas
Willingham, of Albany; Mr. Harda
way, of Thomasville; James Dorn and
S. P. Kimbrough, of Preston; Dr.
Paschall, of Dawson ; W. H. Morgan
and 3. K. Taylor, of Americus, who
have each large quantities to spare. Do
impress, with great earnestness, upon
our brothers not to delay making their
purchases, and sowing largely in the
fall.
Hastening through, and as the order
is, the train is about to start, com
pells me to desist in writing more.
Yours fraternally,
T. J. Smith,
Master Georgia State Grange.
For the Georgia Grange.]
GWINNETT COUNTV PATRONS.
Tli» Patron* of lln<ibandry of Gwin
nett Head Greeting to their Sister and
Brother Patron* throughout the
State.
Our star is in the ascendant, and
the rays of its beautiful light are illu
minating many hitherto dark recesses
in this up-country. Within our limits
are now twelve Granges in prosperous
working order, with a membership of
from forty to one hundred and fifty
members, and still they come.
The opposition to us here, is confined
mostly to these “ universal sewing ma
chine agents,” who infest the country
like the locusts of Egypt, or the grass
hoppers of the Northwest, and to whom
the Grange organization is the “ hand
writing on the wall.”
As they are young “ gents” univer
sally, (we never saw a cripple in the
business), with sound limbs and good
muscle, we would commend them to
the plow handle and the hoe helve.
One of the fundamental objects of
our Order is a combination of the
farmers for protection against rings,
speculators, aud that class who get
their living by flaunting over the country
as agents and peddlers, on four wheel
“ whimmadidles.”
“We make no war, and come not
in antagonism with the professions,
the railroads, the banks, the mechanic,
the artisan and the merchants, for these
are all necessary for the prosperity of
the country, we only ask for fair deal
ing and our rights.
Those who oppose us are poor fools,
who ought to know better.
Sweetwater No. 338.
We are indebted to James P. Harrison &
Co., for a pamphlet copy of the “ Proceed
ings of the twentieth session of the Southern
Baptist Convention, held in Charleston, S.
C. It is printed on good paper and in
clear type. Altogether, it is a handsome
specimen of typographical execution, and re
flects credit on the Franklin Publishing
House.— Atlanta Constitution.
Men scofl at holiness, so did they at right
eous Noah and his work upon the ark ; when
the floods came, who was right? Every
man’s work must be tried of what sort it is.
Tribate of Kespect.
Blakely, Ga., June 25, 1875.
Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God, since
our last meeting, to remove from our midst by
death one of our most useful and highly esteem
ed members, brother John Allen George ; we
deem it proper to give some expression to the
high esteem in which he was held by the breth
ren and sisters of this Grange • be it therefore
Resolved. Tlrat in the death of brother George
this Grange has lost one of its most valuable
members, and the county one of its best citizens.
Resolved: That this Grange, as a body and as
individuals, tender to the family and relations of
our deceased brother, our heartfelt sympathies
in their bereavement, and oommend them so to
live, that when they, too, are called from earth,
thev may be prepared to meet him on the happy
shores of the Better Land.
Resolved. That the Secretary be instructed to
spread a copy of these resolutions upon our
minutes, and furnish a copy to the family of
deceased, and to The Georgia Grange for pub
lication.
W. W. Fleming, Secretary.