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THE PEARL FISHERIES.
Where Che Fishing Is Done —Pearls
Beeemhi? Scarre,
The over fishing of the last fifteen or
twenty years is doing tor pearls-what it
-lobg ago did for oysters. Fashion also
bears its part in raising prices, and a
good set of three black pearl shirt studs
cannot now be got wholesale much under
£4O. Four years ago they could be had
for less than a third of the price. Mother
of pearl has risen in the market too, and
now costs nearly one shilling the pound
at the fisheries, where four pounds could
be obtained for the same money twelve
years back. The fisheries of the Red
sea and the Bay of Bengal are still. how
ever, as celebrated as they ever were in
Classic days, although the fair cast no
longer hope for the produce by the peck,
as Varro—at second hand—said they
Used to do. For all the scarcity of
pearls, we now tret them also from the
Sunda isles of the Malay archipelago, the
seas of China and Japan, from Panama,
Tahiti, the Jt’ ara bier islands, and from
Australia.' The pearl market is no longer
at Rome, at the Margaritarius portions,
but in the hands of the Amsterdam,
Hamburg, London, and New York deal
ers, who buy up ah this harvest of the
sea.
There are numerous, bivalves which
give pearls, bad, indifferent or better;
but the true pearl oyster—if oyster it can
be called, for it is exactly like an exag
gerated cockly—is the Mytilus, margari
tiferus, or Pintadina tn., which measures
from four to six inches in diameter and
an inch and a half in thickness. The
oceanic variety differs from the East In
dian, and gives a finer gem. The Tua
motir,archipelago, to the east of the So- I
ciety Islands, is perhaps the greatest :
pearl fishery in the world. Os its eighty '
Islands there are only some half dozen
whose waters do not produce the pearl
oyster. The natives ot this group know
no industry but fishing. Men, women,
and children, they all dive like sea fowl,
and the women are the most expert.
Two women especially of Faiti, and onej
of Anaa or Chain island, are well-known
in this trade—more dreadful far than
sapphire gathering—for plunging into ■
twenty-five fathoms of w’ater, in the
teeth of sharks, and remaining as long
as three whole minutes under water. A
famous diver of Anaa escaped not long ago
from a shark with the loss of a breast
and an arm, and many of them go down
never to come up again. If they make j
too many plunges in their day’s work at
the beginning of the season, which com- |
prises the summer months, from Novem
oer to February, they bring on hemor- ;
rhnge or congestion; and, after some
’years passed in the occupation, paralysis
is certain. Few of these divers work for
themselves, but can earn four shillings a
day from the pearl traders. With a
wooden tube some sixteen inches long, .
ten inches square, and glazed at one end, '
they prospect from their boats the bot- I
tom of these translucid seas; the glass
end, which is put into the water, serving
the purpose of suppressing the eye-puz
zling surface ripple.
The diver of the Persian gulf or of
Ceylon attaches a weight of some twenty
pounds to his feet to aid in his descent,
and carries seven or eight pounds more
of ballast in his belt. He protects both
eyes and ears with oiled cotton.ban
dages his mouth,and goes down fortj? feet
with a rope. He remains down from
fifty-threa to eighty seconds, and helps;
himself up again by the roue. But the
Pacific direr practices the conjuror’i
boast of “no preparation.” Just before
the plunge he or she draws a full breath
rapidly three or four times running, and >
finally, with the lungs full of air, drops
feet first to the bottom, not forty feet, ‘
but twenty-five or thirty fathoms (150
feet to 180 feet) and comes to the surface
again with extraordinary swiftness, un
aided in any way. Each dive generally
lasts from Mxty to ninety seconds; and ,
only very occasionally the astonishing
maximum of three minutes. The diver* I
hardly aver briug up more than otfC Oya-j
ter at a time; but this U chosen as likely j
to contain pearls by some fancied rule of
thumb of their own, grounded on age,
form and color; and they hold the
shells tightly together as they mount,
lest the envious oyster should shed the
pearl, which the divers themselves are
very quick to conceal by swallowing if
the employer’s eve is not fixed on them.
Diving bells have been introduced by
some houses in the trade, but the natives
will no longer work in them, saying
they bring on early paralysis of the
legs.
Like his edible relativs, the pearl ays- '
ter also has his enemies and parasites. A
fiat fish, called tahereta by the natives
of this Polynesian archipelago, makes
great ravages among the young fry; it
resembles the eagle tay, which is so de
structive in European oyster beds. There
is another, a long fish with powerful
jaws for crunching the full-grown oys
ter. which is called the oiri or kuohe,
and docs not seem to have been identi
fied by naturalists. There are also two
univalve shell fish—a murex, which
spends Us time boring holes right
through the oyster, and a phoio ie, which
scoops a nest for itself in the upper
shell, just as his fellows do in the rocks
of our own coast.
Rut the worst peat of all is probably a
marine worm, locally called the needle
worm, which pierces a network of
galleries, like the book worm or |he
teredo, between the outer and inner sur
face* of the shell, and so ruins the
mother of pearl, which, when so damag
ed. is known in the trade as worm eaten.
There is a small parasitical sponge, too,
which stains or “spots" the mother of
pearl. Polypi, Ascidians, and Serpulae
all mingle in the fray; and while
the older crabs r< move the
young Oysters from their beds
with their nippers to be eaten
at leisure, the crab fry get inside and
ballet themselves at bed and board on
the grown oyster until they have eaten
their host out ot house and home. It is
very possible that some ot these enemies
are the irritant causes of the pearls, in
the centre of which there is almost al
wavs some foreign substance, such as a
of sand or a fish's egg. A great
number of small pearls are sometimes
found in one bivalve; one with 115, from
Ellrabetb or Toaii Island, in the Tua
motu group, was shown in l*»ris in IWJH.
Some pearls reach a great size, and ©ne
from panama, which wn* presented to
Philip If. of Spain in tflTfi, is
to have been sft big *» a pigeon's ©g±.
Imitation pearls—and admirable k»>-
tMtona the best of them are are not a»-
They were first inveMml in
1656 by one Jaquin, a French enameller
on glass. The little glass globules of
which they consist are first liped with a
fnixtfire of iMfigltO 1
East,” and then stuffed with melted
wax. This essence d’Urieqt is nw
the pearly matter whfch ris |ou nd at the
base of scales of t|ie whinng, pre
served in ammonia. Jame* Gazitttk
THE CAUCUS.
Interesting* Account of How it Came
into General I se,
In the dictionaries the word “caucus”
is defined as “a cant term for a meeting
of citizens or electors held for the pur
pose of nominating candidates for public
Offices or for making arrangements to
secure their election.” In ‘ ■(Mdons
Ifetory of the American Revolution”
(1783) “caucus” is referred to thus;
“This is a low word, less used than for
merly ; and although its origin is not
well ascertained, yet it is reputed to have
been first brought into use in Boston,
Mass., and it has been supposed to have
I been a corruption of calkers’ meeting—a
I term applied to electioneering meeting
; held in a part of Boston where all the
’ ship busineas was carried on.
In an entertaining monograph just
i from the press, entitled “The American
’ Caucus System,” reference is made to the
calkers of Boston, but it is shown that
the word caucus was in use long before
the events which gave rise to the assem
j blages of the calkers. The tradition is
that long before the Revolutionary war
began a sued existed between the British
i soldiers in Boston and the rope walkers
and calkers. Bloody co’lisions occurred
between them. The calkers held mcet
! ings in the calkcrs’hall, in the lower part
of the city, at which resolutions were
' adopted and speeches made denouncing I
■ the soldiers who in turn sneeringly i
! dubbed their opponents “The Calkers,” I
which by an easy corruption became the i
caucus and finally a term to denote the :
i meetings. In spite of this pretty well :
authenticated fact it is shown in the '
; little volume that the word caucus was ■
in use long before this local cßaturbknce '
in Boston, and in the writings of Samuel
Adams frequent mention is made of
it. Whatever its origin was, it first came
into use in America to denote a very
common political proceeding.
It may be news to many people of the '
present time that in the early days of the !
republic the word caucus came to be re- j
carded with superstitious awe. and that
[ in many political circles the mere men- i
I tion of it was deemed a violation of the •
proprieties. When the Democratic party 1
■ was formed under Jefferson it was the
practice to nominate candidates for
President by a caucus of the members of
Congress. At the first trial the scheme I
did not succeed, but after that it never
failed. When these caucus decisions J
, had been several times ratified by I
: the election of the men so desig- I
nated the opponents of the Demo- ,
crats began to denounce the scheme as i
dangerous and ungodly. In 1823 the j
legislature of Tennessee passed resolu- i
tions and sent them to the governors of I
the various States for the purpose of
bringing about concert of action against
the practice. The open use of the bale
ful word in the Tennessee resolutions
shocked the entire country, and several
of the States took action concerning the
matter. Governor Throop, of Georgia, i
made it the occasion of special mention
i la hia nexLaauual message, and recoin- 1
. mended his own legislature to take
prompt action to dweourage the use of
the term. “This paper pur
ports/** he says, “to be a formal act of
1 the 1 Itllof Tennessee, and its ob
ject is the denunciation of what it
C' leases to call a caucus which may possi
ly be held in the city of Washington by
menibew of Congress for election pur
poses. What precise and definite mean
ing the legislature of Tennessee designs
Ito attach to the word caucus I cannot
' conceive. It is not an English word.
• It is not to be found in our dictionary,
I and, being an uncouth word and of harSh
. sound, I hope it never may.”
i The same horror of the word existed ’
elsewhere in the country whose political
institutions gave it birth. During the
agitation provoked by the Tennessee res
olution* the United States Senate was
drawn into a fierce discussion of the
word uiion a remark made by Senator
King, of Few York, who said: “My at
tention has been most powerfully attract
ed by a power which ba* risen up, which
i appears to me so terrific that I dare hard
’ ly to contemplate the effect it may pro
i duce. I mean the power which mem- ;
I bers of Congress have assumed of nomi- '
i nating a Preside nt of the United States.”
After this speech others expressed them
I selves and finally some one member in
. cautiously let the horrible word fall
from his lips. The effect was terrific.
Everybody was on his feet protesting
against the introduction of the word in
the Senate. Mr. Holmes charged the
breach directly upon Mr. King, saying:
“The ffrst'twe of th« word came from
the Senator from New York.” Mr. '
King dented this with great warmth.
‘ Finally it was brought home to the ven
’ erahle Svnator Sjuith. of Maryland, who
said: “I am unwilling tnat the discus
‘ sion of! subject so Unprofitable that 1
am mortified at its being introduced
and so little comporting with the dig
nity of the Senate should be attributed
to me. I regret that the hpnorable Sena
tor from New York should have deemed
it proper t© Introduce it. ' It Is true he
qualified It by a new name, ‘central
power? However, either my ears de
ceived me or I heard him use the word
I caucus aud one member opposite took it
down. But whether he did or did not,
his meaning was perfectly understood,
aud if I used it I need’it because I
wished to give it the known name. I
wished to call a spade a spade.”
The fell word having at last got into
public use, it was not abhorred to the
extent that rt had been. Tne change in
the manner of electing Presidents and
Vice R esidents made national conven
tions necessary, and with them the cau
cus came into general use, and public
men, though rarely proud of their j«ar
ticipation tn it, came to have no fear of
mentiouing it.—
! The failure of eyesight among the
young in Denmark is something astound
lag. la the classical department of the
largest eehoo sin Copenhagen, 4A.5 per
» ©ent. ©f the scholars tn the upper claw
I were fooad short -sighted.
Only three yean during the last fifty
tear* the revenues of Eratii exceeded the
i expenditures.
.r_
JAPS ON THE STAGE.
A Day in a Japanese Theatre—Xovel
A Tokio (Japan) letter to the New
• York Tribwn says: I have just returned
from a most novel and interesting ;r Mt
—a whole day in a Japanese theatre. My
head rings with the strange noises, the
twang of anything but harmonious
music; my feet ache from the cramped
po s-ition in w hich I have had to kt6p
them; yet before my eyes remain sr.ch
: visions of Oriental splendor and gran
deur, such wonderful scenes of old
Japan, that I must put them down on
paper before they fade. I started at an
early hour in company with friends ! o
One of the principal theatres '|n Tokio.
Opposite to the theatre, which we could
distinguish by the crowds ol people
and by various paintings hung out to
represent the play, there were. a. number
of tea houses or inns. To one of these
we repaired, and hiring a room, as is the
custom, we left our bundles, wraps,
lunch, etc., and then were escorted over
to the theatre.
Upon entering the scene was almost
l indescribable. The theatre was large
' and square in shape, and had two upper
! galleries, and these and all below were
' packed full of all sorts and kinds and
classes of people, sitting right down on
! the thick mats on the floor. The theatre
; was divided into small sections, sepa
rated by a bar a foot or two high, and
‘ into each section about four could get,
■ sitting very closely. The whole place
was thickly matted, and all sit clown on
1 their feet without any chair, just as they
do in their own houses. The sea of
heads that one looked upon was very
i amusjng; men, women, children and
babies in all sorts and kinds of curious
; costumes from rich silks to rags, each
: family huddled together, but watching
I with intense interest and open eyes and
■ mouths the progress of the play. Our
! section was in the best part of tne thea
j tre and easy of access, and of course we
' did not crowd together as closely as
I others, but we had to do without chairs,
and content ourselves by stretching out
our feet occasionally, or standing up, and
I fancy we attracted about as much no
tice as the actors, with our strange faces
and foreign clothes, especially when the
i play flagged in interest.
The noise and confusion at first were
! dreadful. Every one moved about or
talked and the actors could not be heard
at all. As there were no passages around,
in order to reach the middle section peo
| pie were obliged to jump over or walk
1 on the bars, which caused much con
-1 fusion. To add to it, all the audience
seemed to be possessors of were tobacco
pipes, and were engaged in puffing out
i large clouds of smoke into the already
I close air. Gradually a little order began
! to appear, and the audience quieted as
; the play went on and grew more inter-
I esting. I turned to look at the stage.
The long curtain sliding on a bar at the
■ ton had been pulled aside and the inte-
I nor of one of the rooms of a castle was
i being shown. I could not understand
i the language, as it differed from the or
dinary common talk, and the long
drawn out nasal sounds did not seem
much like the usual glib, soft words of
the Japanese. There we?e no women
actors, the women’s parts being acted by
men, and in spite of skillful dressing
i and well studied manners they betrayed
i themselves by the voice and the face,
1 which were most decidedly masculine.
We wer® very fortunate to fall upon a
; play of old Japan, representing court lifi»,
the plot being founded on facts. The
latter part of the play was very pathetic,
and 1 came to the conclusion that the
Japanese are easily moved, for the whole
audience was bathed in tears and at some
parts of it strong men were constantly
wiping their eyes. The whole thing was
in several acts, and one of the happy
features of it was the revolving stage.
Each act was divided into scenes: a
! acene being over, the stage revolved and
I brought another into view. The scenery
was fairly good, but in the strong light
of day showed many defeeU, and a most
laughable thing was the running in and
out of attendants, not belonging to the
play, dressed all over in black and not
supposed to be visible, aud these ar
ranged a necessary change of scenery or
brought necessary implements, or held a
screen while some dead person ran off
the scene of action. In other places,
again, the acting wus unnecessarily re-
■ alistic. A stab from a sword and the
red blood (concealed* in a bag under the
dresi) flowed in streams. An actor
j would come on the stage dripping wet,
1 if such a scene was to be represented, or
do many other uncomfortable things, just
i for effect.
In the midst of the audieaCe there was
a long, narrow board way, a little ele
vatea from the ground, extending the
whole length of the theatre, with an exit
at ,one end and connecting with the
j stage. Ou this actors made their exits
ana entrances, and often it represented
: the road leading to the place snown the
stage. Nearly all the time during the
; acting music was being played or
on onesidcof the stage, sometimes s©ftk,
i sometimes harsh and loudly. In show
i ing some excited or uoisy time a man
would make the moat deafening nor-a
with two pieces of wood stuck on the
stage floor to heighten the effect, anti tire
noisy din was fearful. Then when me
curtain had been pulled down, the
' scene around was again one of disorder
and noise. Men from the tea-hounea
j would run in with tea, cake, al! kinds
of eandy or fruit aud refreshment of
every kind, which had been previously
ordered. People would go out to get
the fresh air. or else repair to the tea
houses in style, and then push and crowd
to get back to their seats. Babies would
scream, and a b*l>el of voices would
reach the ear. The eating, drinking
j and smoking going on even during the
play was something remarkable. Wine.
I lunches of all kinds balls of rice and
* fish, fruit and eatables of all kinds taken
with the two lung chopsticks, were
! being distributed all around. A theatre
J party means in Japan all kinds of treats.
. a day given to pleasure and eating.
' Especially is this so among the lower
i classes, who frequent the theatre mostly.
At noon was the loosest interval between
the acts, and during this time we ate
our lunches at our rooms and stretched
our tired limbs. After noon a short
comedy of one act wv represented,
the continuation of the regular play,
j which ended at 4. There was yet an
other play, but we did not stay to it.
Lightmug struck a California /car
tree and cooked the fruit brown.
> * ■- , j j.
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111
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SAVAGE SEA ELEPHANTS.
BEABIWE MOWSTEES THAT OFI 1
AND THS)W HOCKS.
A Panther Stnry -Tale of a Rnttlor —
A Cute Collie —JI ice Swallowed
by an Uywtcr.
“Did you ever meet with a sea ele
phant, captain f’
•‘Oh, yes. Up ’round Behring’s straits
I’ve often seen them, and they are tough
fellows, too,” replied Captain Gilderdale
to the reporter of the New Haven News.
“Are they hard to ki;lf ’
“No; it’s easy enough killing ’em, but
when thev are dying ihey kick up a
great fuss. With their little short teeth
I’ve seen ’em bite off a piece of rock as
bigas a spittoon aud throw it at a man
with fearful force. I found one on a reef
one day, and ae we needed some more oil
I ordered the boat steerer to make for
the gully wav in the r»>nks where he was.
We catne right up to him, pit an Iron
into him hauled him after us fhto
clear water. t
“Then 1 got into the bow right under
his nose, when he grabbed the bow of the
boat in his teeth and t.»re away a streak
fore and aft. He bit off the ends of
three lances, and an >ther he snapped out
I of my hands and tried to throw it at us.
Once h<- made a snap at me with his head,
throwing me right into the boat on my
back. 1 picked up a hatchet, and with
my two hand- buried it in his head up
to the handle. It killed him outright.
“He was twenty-,live iet long, and
gave two dozen barrels of oil. NVe made
blanket sheets of his blubber, cutting it
into pieces three feat squ ire. Then pierc
ing a hole in the cciitre o: each block ari3
running through a spun rope we’made a
raft of them and towed it to the «hip.
The usual way to kill a sea elephant used
I to bM<i run right up to him. hit him un
der the jaw with an our, which would
make him raise up h:s head, when wo
i would tire right up through his mouth
i into the brain.”
A San Francisco Chronic'* correspond
ent from Upper Soda Springs, at the
i headwaters •>( tne Sacramento river, tells
of an adventure of a gentleman who
went out t<» camp at the Lick. As he
was upon his hands and knees peeking
through* low breastwork of brush and
rails, to his surprise and horror he saw
i within three feet of him a la ge panther
which was creepi g steal hny toward an
i opening in the small triangular snaped
inclosure which partly concealed his j
j body. The burner’s first impulse was to !
draw himseli upon bis bands an I knees
land grasp his rifle. He thought
though pro -ably having seemed him the
panther had not seen him until this
movement attracted ihl bcusst’s attention.
' ’ for she sprhng back a few yards and be- ’
gan grim i»ig and snarling in a nvi<t i
familiar though eveeedingty diagtenabie
I muniwr. ' i
To draw his rille to his shoulder, Uk© ,
aim and fire was but a moment’s work, i
and the dee 1 done. One shot,
thanks to steady nerves and a sure aim, ;
was all that was reqntred. Tne creature ’
measured seven feet, and the vicious- I
looking ciaw* and head, with its glaa- i
! ing eyes and caruiveious teeth, were not
’ st all plees&nt to contemplate.
A Marrow Escape.
Army Officer (at Washington)—J
Yes, 1 have been in the service now |
nearly ten years.
Young Lady—l suppose you have
had some narrow escapes?
Army Officer (turning pale at the i
■ recollection) —! had a mighty narrow
i escape only a short time ago.
, J Young Lady (breathlessly)—What
i | was it?
Army Officer—l came very near be-1
ing ordered West
■ ’l-Tr.T
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mGES, TOOLS,
CrWt BSKT TOSCS mam tob us»t work, tut
fio! 1 40 lb. AnsllssdKitofTeelt.SK
oKi I I Farwra sew t>» as. .nsey Me* oM jo**.
tWr-J BSowera. ‘ nvtfo. Vices a Other Article*
AT tOWBST PBIOB. WMMkSALK A MXTAU.
HEADffIE
Afid ail 3»t ITJ3 COMPLAtMTt are relieved by toting
WRIGHTS IM DI AH RUS *
Sa dll &S3ZISB.
AVERY
W®l!r SURE ig|
SIMPLE
"if SILENT
il STRONG
Improved Arm,
'Aciiy Meohanical Principles
and Rotary Movemenis, Auto
matic, Direct and Perfect Ac
::: a, Cylinder Shuttle, Self-set
; ■ ' 7 Needle, Positive Feed, No
ff "ings, Few Parts, Minimum
V/eight, No Friction, No Noise,
No Wear, No Fatigue, No
' Pahirums,” Capacity Unlim
ized, Always m Order, Richly
Ornamented, ]dickelplated, and
dives Perfect Satisfaction.
Send for Circulars.
—Address—
AVERY MACHINE CO. )r
812 Broadway, New York.
EXTRA LICHT DRAFT
Two Mule Sulky Plow
The Bluegr&s*.
BREAK DEEB
AND DOUBLE YOUR CROP!
Tlielittle, cheap, light-running BttJ»GßAMßvr
rr Plow, which anybody can manage Without in
struction, doea all the work of the expensive and
cumbrous machines, aud reduces plowing to an
amusement. Cannot be setwrongorgot.cn outof
order. Can be driven by anybody .sboy, agirl.or a
cripple. Bottoms 8, 10 or 12 inch cut for two
mules. Bottoms 14 or 18 inch cut for three
mules. Ask your merchant to order one cn
trial if he does not have it in stock. Write for D»-
seriptive Circular aud Prices.
IBOS. MOKLE k C 9., MTb of Plows A CnlUvrtw*
COLISVII.I.K, KI.
IMPROVED
lany xvixid
inUN Eingixuo.
ALL THE PARTS MADE OF
MALLEABLE & TOOHGHT IW
Xo Shrinking, Swelling or Warping.
Twx LroHTFire Rrihrreo, Smowwesrend Kasixst
Bkgolatku Wixd Enoihx iu the WOBLD. The
BEST is cheapest. Send for Circulars to the
SPRINGFIELD MACHINE CO.
Ohio.
Highestjionor
) VTerltPe Eacpoeiiion,
k
9« t of Boek.. ».?“!»??• ■
Tua neaaurel Hty it aoM far ru bwUlAf.looM xad weirty, wd
rwrt«4 «fce SIAM aver! eitbe .
Worl-lS Exposition “• *««"»«*«. Pr.ot.M eed C«tm
Co’.l«<’. U b <W
■e.l • -.4 (Uenuiun ) ** 7*
WELBUH B. SMITH. Lexington, Ky.