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BRAZIL AM) roIOVGAL.
An extract from a private letter
from Lisbon of December 14, re
published in Paris from a London
paper, contains soine interesting in
elligence of the affairs ol Portugal
particularly with reference to its
relations with Bray.il. Ihe revo
lution which took place in the lat
ter country a few years since, was
of such a half way character as to
involve no verv decided disavow
al of European principles ; and the
writer of this letter very reasona
bly remarks, that if an attempt is
made to recover any of the South
American countrirs, Brazil will
he the first to feel the power of the
united sovereigns.
The following is a brief re-ca
pitulation of the principal events
which have occurred in Brazil with
in the few past years. In Novem
ber 1 807, the late Queen of Portu
gal embarked for Brazil with her
court, intending to establish in
America that authority which the
house of Braganza was supposed to
have lost forever in Portugal. Ihe
changes which immediately suc
ceeded this measure seemed to
promise the greatest security to
that extensive colony ; for the pres
ence of royalty served as a central
point, about which all the provin
ces were consolidated far more ef
fectually than they had been under
the viceroys. The court of appeal
was changed into a court of revis
ion; the supreme tribunals ofjus
tice, police and administration were
instituted under the same form
and with the same powers as those
of Lisbon ; and Brazil from that
moment ceased to be a colony. The
ports were opened to all nations ;
and in 1810 the Brazilian govern
ment concluded several private
commercial treaties. In 1815 the
country was erected into a king
dom, which the inhabitants expec
ted would be permanent. Things
remained quiet under the reign of
John 6th, until near the end of the
year 1820, when the news of the
revolution in Portugal arrived and
found him surrounded bv Portu
guese troops, well inclined to adopt
a similar course. Pernambuca
came forward promptly for a rev
olution ; and on the 26th of Janu
ary 1821, the king, with a good
grace, swore to the constitution pro
claimed in Portugal, whatever it
might be. In April following he
accepted of an invitation from the
Cortes,and returned to I.isbon leav
ing his son Dsn Pedro regent ol
Brazil with great powers.
He had succeeded to his govern
ment in unfavorable times. The
country was agitated by political
discussions, and the finances were
in a very unsatisfactory situation ;
and to render himself popular the
king reduced his private expenses
and went to live in the countrv.—
Two parties now existed in the
country : one for the ancient insti
tutions and the other for funda
mental, improvement. Os these
the latter was far more numerous
and was kept in agitation hy the
division of Brazil into numerous
provinces by the Cortes at Lisbon,
for the purpose of keeping it more
securely in their power. The Bra
zilians were all in favor of remain
ing united with Portugal, but the
constitutionalists were resolved to
be retained on an equal footing
with the Portuguese, and this final
ly produced the revolution. Pla
cards were posted up in the streets
in October 1821, proposing to pro
claim the Prince, Emperor, but
without anv serious effect. In De
cember, orders arrived, for the for
mation of a junta of government,
and for the return of the prince
who immediately began to prepare
for his departure ; but the Brazil
ian troops became so much exaspe
lated, that they assembled and
drew up remonstrances to the au
thorities, which induced the Cortes
to suspend the order relating to the
prince, and to propose the division
of the country into two parts, each
under the direction of the Portu
guese ministry. But this did not
satisfy the Brazilians, who still
persisted in demanding a central
gov eminent.
On the loth of May 1822, the
prince was proclaimed perpetual
defender of Brazil; and his coun
cil was formed ofprocuraJoics nam
ed by the different provinces. This
council, at its first session, declared
itself incompetent for legislation
and recommended to the prince the
convocation of a constituent and
legislative assembly which meas
ure was adopted in June, and nul
lified bv the Cortes in September,
who at the same time ordered the
return of the Prince Regent within
four months, under pain of losing
his right to the crown. About nine
months after this, the Cortes ceas
ed to exist nt Lisbon, the Prince
remained in Brazil under the title
of Emperor, and bis authority was
at length recognized in every part
of the country. When the news
of this counter-revolution in Por
tugal and the reinstatement of the
king, was received at Rio Janeiro,
it seemed to meet with an unfa
vourable regard from the Emperor
who treated the messengers quite
roughly, because they brought or
ders instead of mere instructions;
yet he received some of the des
patches which they brought from
the king. This last measure shook
the confidence of the Brazilians in
the designs of the prince, for they
were disposed to assert their inde
pendence ; yet the legislative con
stituent, assemblv proceeded in
their first session with the discus
sion of anew constitution,'and at
our last dates from Europe, it was
feared it would be finallv accepted.
Such a prospect was very gloomy
to the Portuguese government. —
They were ignorant of the effect
produced by the messengers to
Rio Janeiro; and the frequency of
their meetings indicated the agita
tion of their minds. The latter to
which we are indebted for the sub
stance of our remarks, concludes
by expressing a decided opinion
that the Brazilians will demand an
acknowledgement of their indepen
dence ; and that Portugal has
nothing to expect from them, unless
perhaps some more advantageous
commercial relations than will be
granted to other nations. In a
postcript, however the writer be
travs some change of opinion, and
mentions that, although a question
has been started whether the prince
has not forfeited his claim to the
throne, some persons entertain a
belief that be lias been playing a
double game all this time, and se
cretly obeying his father by accom
modating himself to circumstances.
The news which has readied us
from Rio Janeiro a few days ago, tend
ed to confirm this suspicion ; for the
emperor, in contradiction to the repub
lican principles which he has so often
pretended to encourage, had just sur
rounded the legislative chamber with
a large body of troops and dissolved
the assembly as well as put an end to
the discussion and all hopes of the new
constitution. The Portuguese party
had gained great influence ; and it
seems by no means improbable that
the next ship from Brazil may bring
the news of her having returned under
the yoke of her absolute king.
[Since the above was in type, we
have been supplied by the politeness of
Copt. Mott, of the Tuscaloosa, arrived
yesterday from Rio'Janeiro, with pa
pers from that city to the 20th of No
vember. Judging from their contents
as well as from the situation of affairs
as reported by Capt. M. it would seem
that the fears entertained in Lisbon
concerning Brazil had sufficient foun
dation. The papers speak boldly of
the hostile intentions of Portugal, and
seem to have been little intimidated
bv her threatening posture. We ob
serve ,i very spirited article on the ‘vi
tniious measures which ouidit to be ta
ken against the injurious pretensions
of the Portuguese ministry,’ in which
the necessity of preparing a sufficient
army, repairing and garrisoning some
of the old forts, and erecting new ones
on commanding points along the coasts
is strongly urged. But this was im
mediately followed by an account of
the dissolution oftbe assembly,and the
fate of the country still appears very
doubtful.J
Spontaneous Combustion. —Many
curious factß relative to spontaneous
combustion have occurred, but we be
lieve the articles in which the follow
ing case originated, have not hereto
fore been known to create it. They
were a quantity of hops well dried,
and pressed into a homespun bag,
which was laid upon a pile of Cotton
seed. When the fire was discovered,
both were nearly reduced to ashes by
the gradual heat, and on removing
them, they burst into a blaze. By
what circumstances the tire was pro
duced, or in which, or by the combina
tion of the different articles, is left to
the speculation of the curious.
Milton (X C.) Gaztltt.
Jl double conversion —-William Uav
nohls was at first a Protestant of the
Church of England ; and his brother.
Dr. John Raynotds was trained up in
Poperv, bevond (lie seas. Yil. tarn,
out of* an honest ‘/.cal* to reduce his
brother to his church, made a journey
to him —when in a conference between
them, it fell out that John, being over
come by his brother’s arguments, re
turned into England, where lie became
one of the most risrid sort of English
Protestants; and /Lilliani being con
vinced bv the reasons of his brother
John, staid beyond the seas, and be
came a very violent and virulent Pa
li ist.
‘j'D'ji'jtiirj-vf.
Extract of a letter from a gen
tleman of Salem, dated at Cadiz
January 27—“ Cadiz is now com
pletely under the control of Fran ce
and in a commercial point of view
is nothing, Spain, indeed as we be
lieve, has fallen to rise no more. —
The formadable batteries of this
proud city are now stripped and
harmless, and its inhabitants are
nerveless under the bayonets of
the French soldiery. Two ships
from New-York and ourselves arc
all the Americans to be numbered
in this spacious bay, where a lew
years ago, seldom less than forty
sail could be counted atone tune. —
No business is now doing or likely
to be done here very soon. A
Spanish 64 gun ship and a brig have
sailed on a secret expedition, from
all we can learn they are to be join
ed by a French squadron at the Ca
naries and then to proceed to Lima
with troops to endeavour to restore
that country to the old order of
things, the despotism of legitima
cy.”
A letter of the 18th January pub
lished in the Charleston Courier,
from the Chairman of the Greek
Committee in England gives a view
of the benefits afforded the Greeks
by subscriptions in that country
—“ The accounts which the Com
mittee have received lately from
Morea, are very encouraging and
that they trust that in the ensuing
campaign, a very powerful assis
tance will be afforded to the Greeks
in the stores which the subscrip
tion of last year amounting to near
ly 7000/. enabled them to send. —
These consisted of printing press
es types, surgical instruments med
icines and hospital stores, two
brigades ofguus for mountain ser
vice, ammunition, materials for
forming a complete labatory for
the manufacture of rockets, spheri
cal case shot, and every species of
destructive fire works. The com
mittee sent with these articles,eight
men (artificers) and a very intelli
gent fire-master, to direct and in
struct. —Two surgeons have been
sent, and four German engineer of
ficers.”
Emigration of %9rtizavs.- —An in
teresting conversation took place late
ly in the British Parliament between
Mr. Hume and Mr. Huskisson on a
motion made by the former to appoint
a committee on the law restraining,
exportation of machinery and the em
igration of artisans. Mr. Hume con
tended that the existing laws could not
be defended now that government had
encouraged emigration to the Cape of
Good Hope, ami other places, and per
mitted the richer classes to live abroad
drawing their whole income from the
United Kingdom. As related to the
exportation of machinery it was well
known that it was at present expor
ted, and he thought it would open a
vast field and afford a great profit to
industry, if parliament adopted such
measures as would enable the coun
try to become openly and avowedly
the manufacturer of machinery for
all the world. Mr. Huskisson said
that he concurred in the motion but
he wished it to be understood, that
he held himself at. liberty, on every
part of this subject, to form his opin
ion upon the evidence which might be
hereafter submitted to the committee.
He acknowledged that in much of the
general reasoning of Mr. Hume, he
fully concurred. On the first head of
proposed inquiry which related to the
granting permission to artisans to go
abroad, he must confess that lie enter
tained but little doubt. Every man
was entitled to carry that talent which
nature had given him, and those ac
quirements w hich his diligence had at
tained, to any market in which he w as
likely to obtain the highest remunera
tion, unless it could be shown that
there was some paramount and over
whelming necessity against it. The
present laws led to nothing else but
perjury, as any man might now go a
broad who chooses to swallow the cus
tom-house oath. It was not just, be
cause the severe penalities it contain
ed prevented those artisans who had
failed in turning their acquirements to
advantage abroad from returning back
to their native country. lie knew
that, at this very moment, there were
manv manufactories in kranee, in
which not. merely the workmen, but
also the masters who employed them
were British born subjects, who would
be glad to return home it they could.
With regard to the free exportation of
machinery, public opinion was more
divided; but for his own part lie
had no hesitation in stating, that in ge
neral he concurred in the opinions
which the honorable member had ex
pressed upon it: and he would further
observe that if it were determined to
permit the emigration of artisans, it
would be more difficult than ever to
prevent the exportation of machinery
as the machinery was in general their
invention. —The motion for a commit
tee being put and carried, Mr. Hume
proposed 21 gentlemen, who were ap
pointed to form said committee.
Eve. East.
From Peru. —Caracas papers re
ceived at N. York, contain accounts
from Bogota of the 20th and 23d
January which state “ that the re
volt of Riva Arguero, from the
constituted authorities of Peru had
terminated ; that when on the eve
of being attacked by the army, be
was delivered up to the Liberator
and president by bis own troops ;
and that he has since been sent to
San Bias, in Mexico. More than
four thousand soldiers have been
added to the army of the Repub
lic by this event, independent of
2500 who had arrived at Callao
from Chili. Bolivar is then ena
bled to turn his undivided attention
to the campaign. In Upper Peru,
three columns, commanded by
General St. Cruz , Colonels l.anz
and Urdimenca , keep the enemy in
check.
Bermuda nvd Governor Lumlerj.
By the British Packet,we have recei
ved the Bermuda Gazette to the 20th
of March inclusive. Our readers are
not strangers to the difficulties that
have existed in that colony, for years
past, in cousequence of the conduct of
Sir “W illiam I.umely the Governor,
and the disagreements between him
and the House of Assembly. Last
year the Knight was ordered home to
render an account of his stewardship
but contrary to the wishes of the peo
ple of Bermuda he was sent back with
directions to resume bis official du
ties. But the storm was broken out
afresh. The Gazette informs us that
a series of resolves, declaratory of va
rious acts of misgovernment and un
just domination of Governor Lumely’s
administration, of his attempted in
vasions upon the rights and privileges
of the people, were passed by the
House of Assembly, on the 13th ulti
mo ; a copv of which, togethei with
a Message more fully explanatory o f
their views was presented to His Ex
cellency early in the week. In con
sequence of these prvceedings, Sir
Will iam desired the attendance of the
members at the Council Chamber on
Thursday, the 18th of March, when
he voci ferated a speech and then pro
rogued the Colonial Parliament to the
first day of the ensuing month,at w hich
time it will probably of course be either
further prorogued ordisolved. At the
conclusion of their resolves, the As
sembly say—
“ Thus met in their very first step,
with unexplained difficulties and fresh
denials of their inherent and never be
fore questioned rights, accompanied
with an erroneous relation of facts as
applies to the late Treasurer’s Ac
counts, highly censuring the Reports
of Committees of former Houses of
Assembly thereon—for the House to
proceed to business would be to ex
pose themselves to a renewal of that
course of systematic encroachment and
reproach which was experienced by
the late House of Assembly;—and
from the experience which lias been
had of his Excellency’s disposition,
and the recent disclosure ol his views,
it would be an undertaking utterly
hopeless, for the lloase to attempt to
proceed in that cordial and confiding
co-operation with him, so necessary to
mature the important concerns of the
Colony ; and, therefore under these
trving circumstances, the only alter
native left to the House, and the com
munity at large, is patiently to wait
until our revered Sovereign shall be
graciously pleased to grant them re
lief.”
Extract of a letter from a gentleman
in Laguuyra , to liis friend in Haiti
in ore, dated .March 3d.
“ 11, Irvine arrived here four days
ago from Curacoa, after a confinement
of sixteen months. lie was liberated
by a direct order from the king of
Holland, without trial, inasmuch us lie
had not directly or indirectly violated
any laws of Holland/’
Anew steam boat is about to be
launched at Cincinnati, Ohio, cal
led the Celedonia, which, W
posed, will be invulnerable t ' b s v
sawyers and other obstruct
the navigation of the \vester° nS ln
ters. Besides being Un , n “' 3 -
strong in the bows, she i s Prr ' SU f
with a snag room, so that q and
her bows be perforated, no a ° lild
will accrue to the
the partition between the
hold is strong and impenetrably
water. ‘ u }‘
Statistics. —The following is a comparative
view of the Population, Revenue and Debt of
the principal modern states :
Populat' n. Revenue, j Public Debt.
France 2i>,tMH),(HiO 36,000,000 184,500,000/
. tustria - - - 28,000,000 12,500,000 73,0n0,00<:/
Spain, in Europe 17,000,000 6,500.000 13-7,0 >O,OOO/
(Great Britain, in .
Europe, Ash,
kc. - - - - - 68,000,000 50,000,000 801,000,000/ J
.V cthertands,
\ V ;th Colonies 6,000,000 7.000,000 145, 000,000/
Prussia - - - - 11,000,000 7, 000, 000 | 28,000,000/
Russia, with Po- I
land - - - 52,000,000 14,.>00,000 / 50.4 >O,OOO/
T’nitrd •States - 12, 000,000 5.500,000 I l!<.i>oo,oo<>/
- - - - 0,000,u00 J 2,!><>>,/ i •>,>•.•/
I'ut-A r r/ in I'Zit- 111
jop - - - I ?V500,000 / * / - -
From (lie New-York Advocate.
Extract of a letter from ‘ Slab Tain:
.Mr. Editor. —l generally contrive
to get into the Post-Office, every mail
day, in eider to look over the papers
and find how matters and things are
going on. I used to believe everv
thing I saw in the papers wlien I took
but one—now that l can look over
half a dozen, bang me if I know what
to believe. I thought that the <|ues
tion about President was settled to a
certainty, and that Crawford was the
man who would be selected by the
democracy of the country—but every
Editor seems to have a snug little
candidate for himself, and they print
letters from all parts of the continent
to show that their man must be Pres
ident. 1 here must be some meaning
in this,some charm in these letter-,
and so I determined to write too. “A
letter from Slab-Town,” sounds s|
most as well as a letter from Albany
or Washington, and I intend to give,
you some important intelligence. The
following is the “result of repeated
enquiries on the subject of the presi
dential candidates,” I have shewnit
to twenty people and they all swear
they guess it is pretty nearly correct.
I should first tell you, however, that
our whole town contains but two fam
ilies, 01 rather but one, as the Pod
master is an old bachelor and livesm
a little log hut by himself, so that lie
may’ be said to lie “ himself alone.’
He’s an old buck of the Revolution,
volunteered in the late war, and is dead
for Crawford. I shall give Crawford
my support too, as I believe, under
present circumstances, he is the saf
est and most prudent man we can se
lect. My oldest son, who can man
age a plough with any man in the coun
try, and who by the way takes after
me, says lie’ll vote as I do. The next
oldest, who has just left college, in
sists that Adams shall have his vote
lie mutters something about justemd
tenacem, which I can't understand;
says he is industrious, and what fa
Bob is more than all, that he is a di
smal schollar. Jim, my pet boy, hur
rahs for Jackson, and lisps out “tk
Greek warrior forever!” The you *
rogue hung up one of my fattest pift
and insisted upon it that he was tried
by martial law. Sally, who is a lid
on the shady side of thirty, says thd
she hears Mr. Clay is very genteel,
she is sure he must make a good Pres
ident. Becky, just turned of fifteen,
declares that young Mr. Calhoun
must be the best President, because
he is so young. She wonders if he ‘
married. From all this the folio"ir
is the state of the vote in Slab-In" 11 ’
Crawford,
Adams, ----- 1
Clay, 1
Calhoun, |
Jackson. ----- ‘
Respectfully, llans Van Kj.* l ''’
P. K. I have said nothing about
poor wife, as she died last fall 0 *
dumb ague. If you publish this,
put my name in print; but only
“ from a respectable gentleman
Slab-Town.”
Amrrican Genius. —A corresp l -’
dent of the National
states that “by information ‘
tained at the Patent OlHce, it jV
pears that nearly a thousand 0
lars have been received for p
granted within this month; •’
Mr. Gilbert Brewster, who
six weeks lately examining d ,e
rious models, declared, d int
aid received at that’ office, m
amining attentively the maclm’ ,’
has enabled him to perfect sj 131
art of spinning wool, that h*
reduced the price of spinning
one’ cent per pound. It has 1