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FEDERAL IM.
and decisive issue. We arc fast approaching a ne-
vTiod, very novel in the history of nations, and rearing
iltrerriy and powerfully on the point under consideration,
the final payment of a long standing funded debt; a pe-
ri**> dial cannot be sensibly retarded, or the natural con
sequences of it eluded, ■without proving disastrous to
those, who may attempt either, it not to tin? country it
self When it arrives, the Govet ument would see itself in
possession of a surplus revenue of £! 10,000,000, or $12,-
000,090, if not previously disposed of, which presents the
Juip rtanl question, what previous disposition ou?ht to be
made; a question which nmst press urgently for decision,
at the very next session of Congress. It cannot be delay
ed longer, without the most distracting and dangerous
consequences.
The honest and obvious -course is, to prevent the ao
yytrtulalicm of the suqffns in the treasury, by a timely
and. judicious reduction of the imposts; and thereby to
dcave the money in tlie pockets of those who made it, and
from whom, it cannot be honestly, nor constitutionally
taken, unless required by the fair and legitimate wants
t>f the Government. If, neglecting a disposition so obvi-
.ousand just, the Government should attempt to keep up
tlie present high duties, when the money was no longer
wanted, or to'dispose of this immense surplus by enlarg
ing the old, or devising new sc lieKies of appropriations, or,
finding that to be impossible, it should adopt the most
dangerous, unconstitutional) and absurd project ever de
vised by any government, of dividing the surplus among
the States: (a project, which, if carried into execution,
could not fill to create an antagonist interest between the
of distribution; or
veral functions cf giving
a'fording protection to certain branches of domestic in
dustry, and furnishing the means to Congress ot distriU-
uting large sums through its appropriations; all ot winch
are so blended in their effects, that it is impossible to un
derstand its true operation, without taking the whole in
to the estimate.
n W ttign market.— | men was immediately called into the field. This| _“TJ*e discussions which have taken place on the
air Ac&iw ^ 1L ’ 1
nq performirs: cit the same time the se- 1 production must he ft dead loss in _ 1 **•''*■ " *«..— j — — - . * *• * cr • » • i ▲ . 1 _
givju; a revenue to the sovernmem*of Cat whether these advantagesoihfcr*, that | efficient anti bold movement intimidated the ladi- anatrs ot Belgium have not yet been brought to a
might be mentioned, will uitira^ f compe:isr-ie to tlie j compelled them to abandon their hostile conclusion; but ihe most complete agreement con*
full extent, or not, die loss to iis manufacturers on the i a tiItuJc without bloodshed. Whereas a small nuni- tinues to subsist between the Powers* w Hose pleni*
reduction of tie duties, curiam it is, that we have a_p- her of mounted men, would piobauly have led on potentiaries have been engaged in the conference*
preached a point at wn.cn a great change cannot be much a o-cneral war of London. The principle o:» which those confer-
UritctS t!“r e "rf] C2*fe£ !, T&* 1 i»™ presented to you the general out- cnees hafe been conducted hasbeen that of not m-
AdmitVine then, a. snnpnsed, that lie -ho consumes leisure end calmness for a cautious and skilful rps. tt.on : lines ot this nnntary movement, winch has terminal- lettering with the nght^.aiep«^terfB^..m to
• ■ 1 1 1 *’—* in making tlie transition; and which it becomes those ' ed so fortunately to a l concerned. regulate their internal affairs, and to eel a bush thetr
mure immediately interested duly to consider. Nor ought j £ n the council or treaty with tlie Indians, Gen. Government according to their own views of what
they to overlook, in considering die question, the dif- 'Gaines requested me to l*e associated with him as may be most conducive to their future welfare ar.il
ferent character of the claims cf the tv. o sides. The one a Commissioner. You will see by the agreement, independence, under the sole condition sanctioned
ther of these modes would be considered by the section
Suffering tinder the present high duties as a fixed deter
mination, to perpetuate forever what it considers the pre
sent unequal, unconstitutional, and oppressive burden;
and from that moment, it would cease to look to the Gen-
yral Government for rclkfi This deeply interesting pe
riod, iv.iic.i must prove so disastrous, should a wrong di
rection be given, but eo fortunate and glorious, should a
right one, is iiiot at hand. The work must commence at
Aha next session, as I have stated, or be left undone, or, at
feast, be badly done. The succeeding session would be
too short, and too much agitated by the Presidential con
test, to afford the requisite leisure and calmness; and the
one sneer eding would find the country in the midst of the
Ct'.'Js, when it would be too late to prevent an accumula
tion of the surplus; which I hazard no*hing in saying,
judging from the nature of men and government, if once
jlerrr.uiod to accumulate, would create an interest strong
enough to perpetuate itself, supported as it would be by
■others, so numerous and powerful; md thus would pass
away a moment, never to he quietly recoiled, so precious,
it' properly used, to lighten the public burden; 10 equalize
ihe avion of the Government; to restore harmony and
pate*'; and to present to the world the illustrious exam
ple which could not fail to prove most favourable to the
great cause of liberty every where, of a nation the free; i,
And, at the s**n« time, tlie l>esr. and most cheaply gov
erned; of the highest earthly blessing, at the least p->-; able
Sacrifice. As the disease will not, then, heal itself, «-
rue brought to the question, can a remedy be applied,
ruid, if eo, what ought it to be?
To-answer in the negative, would be to assert, that*
.cur union bos utterly failed; and I hat the opinion, si
common before the adoption of our Constitution, that a
free Government could not be practically extended ov*r
n. large country, wa:/correct—and that ours h id oeen d:-
f iroyed by giving it limits so great, as to crunprehen-*.
not only dissimilar, but irreconcilable interests. I am 1
jm'i prepared to admit a conclusion, that would cast J
deep a shade nruthe. futu r e, and that would falsify all :h<
glorious an'icipations of our ancestors while it would
greatly lessen their high reputation for -wi.-xlom. Noth
ing but the clearest demonstration, founded on ac'uai ev-
psrience, will ever force me to a conclusion so abhorrent
to all of my feelings. As strongly as I am impressed
with tlie great dissimilarity, and, I must add, as truth
Compels mo to do, cpnt.-Mrit-.ty of interests in our country,
resulting from the causes ahva-lv indicated, and which
a»o so great, that they cannot, be subjected to the un
checked will of a ma jority of the whole, without defeat
ing the great ctid of government, and without whicli it is
curse, ientice; yet I see in the union, as ordained by the
r£iistiinl7ui% !b«’means, if wisely used, not only of recon-
«rtkinp* al! diversii'es, but also the means and tl e only ef
fectual on?, of securing to us justice, peace and security,
at home and abroad, and with tlmm, that national power
and renown tlie love of which, Providence lias implanted
fpr wi-e purposes so dry ply in the hltiuan heart; in all of
Which great objects every portion of our country, widely
extended and diversified as It h, has a common und iden
tical interest. If we have the wisdom to place a proper
relative estimate on ti.tso more elevated, and durable
blessings, die present and every other conflict of like clia-
r.ae'eq may be readily terminated; but if, reversing the
B^filc, each section should put a higher estimate on its
immediate and peculiar gains; and acting in that spirit,
should push favorite measures of mere policy, without re
gard to neace, hairpin v or justice, our sectional conflicts
would then indeed, without some constitutional check,
become interminable, except by the dissolution of the U-
xyon itself. That we have, in fact, so reversed the e:ti-
Mate, it- too certain to be doubted, and the result is our
present distempered and dangerous condition. The cure
must comm-mce in (he correction of the error, and not t«*
o:11,1 it we have erred, would be tlie worst possible synqt-
tom. It wouIcTprove the disease to be incurable through
fbc regular and ordinary process of legislation; and woulu
<>mpcl finally, a resort to extraordinary, but 1 still trust,
*jOt only constitutional, but safe remedies.
No one would more sincerely rejoice than myself, t* *
the remedy applied from the quarter, where it could
1.8 most easily an.1 regularly done. It is the only way
by which those who think that it is the only quartet
from which it can constitutiotmlly conic, can possibly
s-ust-ain thuir opinion. To omit the application by tin
General Government, would compel even them to aJrm
(he truth of the opposite opinion; or force them to aban
don our political system in despair; while on the oth*
band, all their enlightened and patriotic opponents would
rcoice at such evidence of moderation and wisdom on
«ha part of tha General Government, ns would supersede
ft-resort to what they believe to be the iugner powers <•)
our political system,.as indicating a sounder sta'eot-pui-
jV' iendnaenl than has»rmheretofore exited in any Mun-
tt i', and thus aSording the highest possible assurance ot
the perpotud'icm of our fi-lonous itistituiicns to ’he cates:
generation. For as a people advance in knowledge, in
nie sarno degree they may dispense with mere art.fic.al
rft>'j:ctior.s in their government: autl we _may imagine.
that the highest and wisest policy consists m maintaining
justice and promoting peace and harmony ; and that
i^impared to these, schemes of mere gain are but trash
and dross. I fear experience ha-i airendy proved that
we are fir removed from such a s'ate, anti that we mus:
cDnsequeatly rely on the old clumsy, but approved mode
nf checking power in order to prevent, or correct abuses;
but I do trust that though far from perfect, •* are at hast
go much so as to be capable of remedying the present dis
order in the ordinary wav; and thus to prove that with
U9 public opinion is so enlisted, and our political ma
chine so perfect, as rarely to require for its preservation,
tba intervention of the power that created it. blow is
li»U to be effected ?
The appUc^jon may be painful, but the remedy, I con
ceive, is certom and simple. There is but one etfec'ua!
r.ure, an honest reaction of the duties to a fair sysiem of
reve.fio, adapted to the just and constitutional wants of
the mvermnent. Notliing short ol this will restore the
country to peace, harmony, and mutual affeetion. There
is already a deep and growing conviction in a large sec
tion of the country, that the impost, even as a revenue avs-
is extremely unequal, and that it is%nain!y paid by
fliose who furnish the means of paying the foreign ex
changes of the country, on which it is laid; and that tlie
ens* is not varied, taking into the estimate the eutire ac
tion of the system, whether tlie producer, or consumer
pays in the first instanco.
I do not proposo to enter formally into the discussion of
ej,point so complex and contested; but as it has neees.sa-
r jiy a strong practical Ijcaring on the subject under con
sideration, m all its relations, I cannot pass it without a
few general remarks.
If the producer in reality pays, will doubt but tlie
burden would mainly fall on the section it is supposed t '
do. The theory that tlie consumer pays in the first in-
renders tho proposition more complex, and w:l
recrii r c, in order to understand whore the burden In real
ity’ ultimately falls, on that suprvjsition, to consider the
pfinddetive, or sl-i its friends call it, tlie American System,
it,* aspect, taxaUon, uf protection, and
tlie article pays the tax :n the increased price, and that
the burden talis wholly on tlie consume*?, without alFect-
ing the producers as a class, (which, by the by, is lar
from being true, except in the single caje, if there be such
a one, where the producers have a monopoly of an article,
so indispensable to life, that tins quantity consumed
cannot be affected by any increase of price,) and
that considered in the light of a tax, merely, the impost
duties fail equally on every sec*ion, in proportion toils
|x?pula’ir-r>, still when combined with its other effects,
’he burden it imposes, as a tax may lie so transferred from
one section to the other, as to take it from one, and place
it wholly on the oilier. Let us apply the remark first to
itr. operation as a system of pi;Mccnon.
The tendency of the tax, or duty, on the imported ar
ticle i-, not only to raise its price, but also, in the same
proportion, that of the domestic article of the same kind,
for which purpose, when intended for protection, it is in
fact laid; and of course in determining where the. sys
tem ultimattly places the burden in reality, this effect
also, must be taken into illegitimate. If one of the Sec
tions exclusively produces such domestic articles, ami
the other purchases them from it, then it is clear that to
the amount of such increased prices, the tax or duty, o’n
the consumption ofthe| foreign, articles, would be trans
ferred from the section producing the domestic articles,
to the one that purchased and consumed them, unless the
latter in turn, be indemnified by the increased price of
the objects of its industry, which none willwenturs to
assert to be tlie case with the great staples ofithe country',
which form the basis of our exports, tho price of which is
regulated by tlie foreign and not the domestic market.
To those who grow them, the increased price of the for
eign and domestic articles both, in consequence of the
duly on the former, is in reality', and in the strictest sense,
a tax, while it is clear that the increased price of the lat
ter acts as a bounty to the section producing them, and
that as the amount of such increased prices, on what it
sells to the other section, is greater or less, than the duty
it pays on the imported articles, the system, will in fact
operate as a bounty or tax; if greater, the difference
would be a bounty; if less a tax.
Again, the operation may be equal in every oilier res
pect, and yet. tlie pressure of the system, relatively, on
the two sections, be rendered very unequal by the appro
priattons, or distribution. If each section receives back
what it paid into the treasury, tic equality, if it previous
ly existed, will continue; but if one receives back less,
•luff the othe.r proportionally more than it. paid, then the
•i ffcrer.ee in relation to the sections will be to the former
a loss, and *o the latter ruffvn; and the system in this as
pect would operate to the amount of the difference, as a
’. .nt denier! from the one receiving less than ’it paid, to
'he e'ker that rec-cives more. Such would be i neon testi
fy its general effects, taken in nil its different aspects,
•wen on t f e theory supposed to be most favourable to
• r i'vc the equal action of tlie system, that the consumer
• a ;- in the first, instance tlie whole amount of tlie mx.
To shew ho-.v, on this supposition, die burden and ad-
vnntares of the system would actually distribute thetn-
-»Jve-= between the section?, would carry me too lar into
details: but I feel assured, after full and careful exymina-
”on,’l.at they are such as to explain, what otherwise
seem inr-xplieab’e, that one section should consider
repeal n ca'amity, and the other .» blessing; and that
■mrit opposite views should be. taken by them, as to place
hem m n ?ta‘e of determined conflict, in relation to the
"rent fiscal and commercial interests of tlie country. In-
Ned were there no satisfactory explanation, the opposite
news that prevail, in the two sections, as to the effects
of the sysiem, ought to satisfy all of its unequal action.
'There crtti be no safer, or more certain rule, than to sup-
pose caob ncr’ion of f he country equally capable of un-
•'fi rvanrt'ng heir respec lve interests; and that each is a
meh l'c ( cr judre of the effects of any system rf mea-
s;r es or its peculiar interests, than the other can possibly
be.
But whether tlie opinion, of its unequal action, be eor-
reet, or erroneous, nothing can be more certain than that
the impression is w-d-Fy fx-'endinr itself, that the sys
tem, under all i.'s modifications, is essentially unequal:
and if to tha’ be added, a conviction still deeper, and
more universal, that every duty imposed for the jwrpn^e cf
proinefien, is vot on’y urneq itd, bi>t also unconstitutional, it
would be a fata! error to suppose, that any remedy, short,
of that which I have stated, can heal our political disor
ders.
In order to understand, more fully, the difficulty of ad
justing this unhappy contest, on any other cround, it may
not be impro|ier to present a general view of the constitu
tional objection, that it may be clearly seen, haw hope
less it is to expect that it can be yielded, by those who
have embraced it.
Thev behave that all the powers, vested by the Consti
tution m Congress, are not only restricted by the limita
tions expressly imposed, but also by the nature and oi>
jeet. of the powers themselves. Thus though the power
»o impose duties on imports be granted in general terms,
without any other express limitations, but that, fliev shall
be equal, and no preference shall be given to the ports *>f
->nc s’n'e over those of another, yet as being a portion of
•he taxing power, g.vng with the view of raising revenue,
• t i« from its nature restricted to that object, as much or>
a- >f the Convention had expressly so limited it; and
hat *o use i’ to effect any other purpose, not specified iri
♦he Constitution,'is an infraction of the instrument, in
i*s must dangerous form; an infraction by perversion,
more easily made, and more difficult to resist, than anv
other. The same view is believed to lx? applicable to the
lwiwerof regulating commerce, as well as all the other
nowrva. To surrender this important principle, it is eofi-
eeived, would he to surrender all power, and to render fhe
••ove-nroejit unlimited and despotic; and to yield if op.
•n relation to the particular power in question, v.ouhl be
in fne* *n surrender the control of the whole industry-and
eanital o p the country *o 'ho General Government: and
would end in placing the weaker sec'ion, in a cMonial
relation with the stronger. For nothing are. more dissimi
lar in their nature, or inav be more unequally affected hv
♦he same Taws, than c’iff-rent descriptions of labour and
property: and if taxes, by increasing the amount and
changing the in*er* only, may be perverted, in fact, into
stem of nevskiesanil rewards, :f. would give all tin
their leading motives in entering into the Union; wliile preserve peace tvith tiiem.
Ihe other side claims, for the advancement of their pros- {
perity, tha positive interference of the Government. In
such cases, on every principle of fairness and justice, such ;
interference ought to be restrained within limits sirictiy j
compatible with the natural advantages of tlie other. - Hie ■
who, 1-tolling to all of ilie causes in operation; tlie near ap- !
preach of the final payment of the.public del)!, the grow- j
ir,g disaffection and resistance to the system, in so large a
I have the honor to be,
Your obedient servant*
{Signed) JOHN REYNOLDS.
Slates should be endangered.
“A series of injuries and insults, for which, not
withstanding repeated remonstrances, all repara
tion was withheld, compelled me at last to trder a
squadron of my fleet to appear before Lisbon, with
a preremptory demand of satisfaction. A prompt
compliance with that demand prevented the ne-
Ii£ad QuARTsrts, Western Department, )
St. Louis, Gth July, 1831. >
Sir.—Having been joined on the 25th ultimo by cessity of further measures; but I have to regret,
nfit-B thp ^ his Excellency, Governor Reynolds', with Gen. Jo- that I have not yet been able to re-establish my
nos’tion to it is ginduallv tu'niu^ must b*** ird«>ed seph Duncan’s brigade of Illinois mounted volun- diplomatic relations with the Portuguese Govern-
mi L SuSSj.”u.^.idnh!^,! leers, I, on the folding morning, took possesion ment.
that tie attempt to elude or much longer delay it, must of the Sac \ iliage, previously occupied by the 13ri- “Gentlemen of ihe House of Commons—
finally, but increase the shock, and disastrous cense- j tish band of Sa<TIndians. “I have ordered estimates of the expenses of
qucnces which may follow. k j The appearance of the mounted volunteers on the current year to be laid before you, and I rely
In forming the opinions I have expressed, I hove not; one side, and the regular troops with two pieces with confidence on your loyalty and zeal, to make
been actuated by an unkind fee.mg towards our maim-, ar *iii er y on the other, aided bv a steamboat arm- adequate provision for the public service, as well as
?ed!y -I $e^ £f, e . d fl with a .P i . ece of artillery, and some musketry and for the farther applicalion of the sum granted by
the measm-eswhfch have been adopted to advance them, j riflemen, induced these Indians to abandon the V il- the last Parliament; always keeping m view the
I believe, conjurations higher than any question of! iage previous to our amval, and Without firing * necessity of a wise and wholsome economy in every
mere pecuniary interest, forbid their use. But subordi- j gun.—Deserted by tlicir allies, this disorderly band branch of the public expenditure,
nate to these higher views of policy, I regard the ad* was lelt alone to seek security in a speedy flight to j “A/y Lords and Gentlemen—
vanccment of mechanical and chemical improvements in tlie right bank of tlie Mississippi, where they were ’ “It gives me great satislactien to state to you,
tlie arte with feelings little short cf enthusiasm, not only, " ' ’ - ’ . .. - “ .....
a? the proiitic source of national and individual wealth,
but, as tlie great means cf enlarging the domain of man
over the material world; end, thereby, of laying the sol
id foundation of a highly improved condition of society,
morally and politically. I fear not that we shall extend
our power too far over tlie great agenii of nature; .but, _
in the contrary, I consider such -enlargement of our pow- Unites with me in the opinion that the chastisement tlie deficiency, occasioned by these reductions, may
tion were entered into and signed. t has not been attended with a proportionate diminu-
Kis Excellency, Governor Reynolds, very cordi- tion of the public income. I trust that such atldi-
ally co-operated with me in this measure; and he tional means as may be required tosupply a part of
er, as tending, more certainly and powerfully, to batter
the condition of cur race, than any one of the many pow
erful causes, r.ow- operating to that result. With these
impressions, I not only rejoice at the general progress of
of the arts in the world, but in their advancement
in our own country; aud, as far as protection can
be incidentally afforded, in the fair and honest
exercise of our constitutional powers, I think now, as
1 have always done, that sound policy, connected with
the security, independence and peace cf the country, re
quire them to be protected, but, that w e cannot go a single
step beyond, without jeopardizing our peace, our harmo
ny and our liberty ; considerations of infinitely more im
portance to us than any measure of mere policy, can pos
sibly be.
In thus placing my opinions before the public, I have
not been actuated by the expectation of changing the
public sentiment. Such a motive on a question so long
agitated, and so beset with feelings of prejudice and in
terest, would argue, on my part, an insufferable vanity,
and a profound ignorance af the human heart. To avoid,
as far as possible, the imputation of either, I have con
fined my statement on the many and important points,
on which I have been compelled to touch, to a ample
declaration of my opinion, without advancing any other
reasons to sustain them, than wliat appeared to me, to
be indispensable to the full understanding of my views :
and, if they should, on any point, be thought to be not
clearly and explicitly developed, it will, I trust., be attrib
uted to my solicitude to avoid the imputations to which !
have alluded ; and r.nt to any desire to disguise my
sentiments; nor the want of arguments cr illustrations to
maintain positions, which so abound in both, that h
would require a volume to do them any tiling like-justice.
I can only hope, that truth*, whieli I feel assured, are es
sentially connected with all that we ought to ho d most
dear, may nut be weakened in the public estimation by
tlie imperfect manner, in which I have been by tho ob
ject in view compelled to present them.
With every caution on my part, I dare not hope, in
taking the step I have, to escape the imputation of
improper motives ; though l have without reserve,
fixeiy expressed my opinion3, not regarding whether
they might, or might not, be popular, I have no
reason to believe, that, they arc such, as will conciliate
public favor, but the opposite; which 1 greatly regret, a* I
have ever placed a high estimate on the good opinion of
my fellow-citizens. But be that as it may, I shall, at
least, be sustained by feelings of conscious rectitude. 1
have formed my opinions after the most careful and de
liberate examination, with all of the aid?, which my rea
son and experience could furnish ; l have expressed ihem
honestly and fearlessly, regardless of their effects person
ally; which how ever interesting to me individually, are
of two little importance, to be taken into the estimate,
where the liberty and happiness cf our country are so -vi
tally involved.
JOHN C. CALHOUN.
Fort Hill, July 2tvh, IS31.
which a part of t hese Indians merited, could not he found, without any material abridgement of the
have been inflicted without subjecting many of the comforts of my people.
innocent frontier settlers, as well as some ofthe un- • “To assist the industry, to improve the resources,
offending Indians, to indiscriminate ruin and des- ! and to maintain the credit ofthe country on sound
proniotior
to disturb the frontier inhabitants. J your zealous co-operation.
I shall take an early occasion to collect and sub- ‘ “It is with deep concern, that I have to announce
mit, for the information ofthe President, such facts! to you the continual progress of a formidable dls*
as have been ascertained to ex.-?t touching the ex-^caje, to which my attention had been early direct*
tensive alliances which these Indians bad endeavor
ed to form against our frontier inhabitants.
I am, with the truest regard, vour friend,
^(Signed) EDMUND P. GAINES.
Han. Secretary of War.
DESPATCHES RECEIVED AT THE DE
PARTMENT OF WAR,
BilLEviub, Illinois, 7th July, 1831.
To the Honorable the Secretary
ofthe Department of li ar.
Sir—I consider it my duty to inform you, of the
late Indian
were
John James AtnMBOiv author of "the J3irds of A-
merica,” the.most magnificent illustration of natu
ral history that has ever been produced, has been
elected a member of the American Philosophical
Society. That learned Society has done well to
associate with itself a native American citizen, who
had previously been most abundantly honored by
the most distinguished societies in England, Scot
land, and France.
W e are happy upon this occasion, to notice hi3
“Ornithological Biography, or an account of the
Habits ofthe Birds ofthe United States of North
America,” published by Mr. Dobson, and Dr. Por
ter, at his new and tasteful establishment, the
Literary Rooms in Chesnut Street. It isfifthe size
of super-royal octavo, and super-adds to this form,
so uncommon and beautiful, all the advantages that
a new type, and an extreme neatness in execution,
would confer upon a valuable work. This book is
a companion to his greatwndertetking the “Birds of
America,” but is drawn up with so much spirit and
truth—the scenery ofthe southern wilds, where he
passed so many years of his romantic life, is so
graphically represented, and the narration of his
personal adventures so attractively related, that we
rise with reluctance from the perusal of this charm
ing volume. Upon a future occasion we propose
gratifying our readeps with some extracts. Does
the American Philosopical Society, or does any in
dividual in the city possess a copy “The Birds of
America?” We should be obliged to any friend to
inform us where it is to be seen. We are informed
there are several in the city of Baltimore. We ad
vise our readers to call in at the Literary Rooms
where they will see an establishment, ofthe exis
tence of which perhaps many of them arc not
aware.— U. S. Gazette.
FOSEIGN.
[From the JV. Y. Jour, of Com. Jlvg. 3.]
8 DAYS LATER FROM ENGLAND-
About half past 5 o’clock this morning our news
ndian hostilities, and of tlie measures which schooner Journal of Commerce came up from he-
adiSpted to repress them. J low, with London papers to June 26th, and Liver-
The Indians, with some exception, from Canada pooi to the 27th, both inclusive, brought by the
to Mexico, along the northern frontiers of the Unit packet ship York, Capt. Burley. The most im-
ed States, are more hostile to the whites, than at portant n?ws which they contain, is the Death of
any other period since the last war; particularly Marshall7> hilsch,Commander-in-chiefofthe Rus-
the band of Sac Indians, usually and truly called, sian army operating against the Poles.
“the British Band,” became extremely unfriendly At the time we go to press, 2 o’clock, P.
to the citizens of Illinois and others. This band had M. no other accounts have been received from the
determined lor some years past to remain, at all ship.
hazards, on certain lands which had been purchas- SPEECH FROM THE THRONE,
ed by tlie United States, and afterwards, some of On Tuesday, June 21st, at an early hour, every
my
ed, in the eastern parts of Europe. Information
having been more recently received that it had ex
tended it3 ravages to ports in the Baltic, whence
there is great commercial intercourse with my do
minions, I have directed that all the precaution^
should be taken which experience has recommend*
ed as most eflectual for guarding against the in
troduction of so dangerous a malady into this tout**
try.
“Great distress has unhappily prevailed in some
districts, and more particularly in a part of the
western countries of Ireland, to relieve which, in
the most pressing cases, I have not hesitated to au
thorise the application of sueh means as were im
mediately available for that purpose. But assis
tance of this nature is necessarily limited in its
amount, and can only be temporary in its effect. ‘
The possibility, therefore, of introducing any mea
sures, which, by assisting tlie improvement of the
natural resources of the country, may tend to pre
vent the recurrence of such evils, must be a sub
ject of the most anxious interest to me, and to you | t
ofthe mast grave and cautious consideration. h
“Local disturbances, unconnected with any po- n
litical causes, have taken place, both in this part jp
of the United kingdom and in Ireland. In the f
County of Clare, and in the adjoining parts of Ros
common and Galway, a system of violence and
outrage had for some time Leen carried on to an
alarming extent, for the repression of which the
constitutional authority of the law has been vigor
ously and successfully exerted. By these means
the necessity of enacting new laws to strengthen
the Executive Government with further powers
will, I trust, be prevented.
“To avert such a necessity, has been, and ever
will be my most earnest desire; but if it should un
fortunately arise, I do not doubt your firm resolu
tion to maintain the peace and order of society, by
the adoption of such measures as may be required
for their more effectual protection.”
Addresses to the King were moved in the two
hout-es, as usual, and carried. In the House of
Lords on the 23d the Lord Chancellor announced
the presentation of the Addresses from that body,
and the King’s answer, as follows—“I thank you for
your loyal and dutiful address. I receive with
pleasure the assurar.ee that you will proceed to the
early consideration of the matters which I have
recommended to your attention, and I rely with
confidence on your zealous support of my endeav
ors to maintain peace and promote the prosperity
of my dominions.”
The reform bill.—This important bill was brought
forward in the House of Commons on the 24th,—
passed its first reading—and was to be read a so
cond time on the Fourth of July. After the speech
of Lord John Russell, Sir Robert Peel made a few
observations, intimating that lie should not oppose
the biil in the present stage of its progress, fcnt
should have something to say when tlie question
eu uy me u nuea otaxes, ana aiierwarus, some oi un i uesdav, June 2lst, at an early hour, every should come up for a second readme. “The nobi
them sold to private individuals bv the general gov- roof, balconev, window, and doorway, from St. , Lord,” he remarked “Is I apprehend entire!',
men’, based un
p~nstrn'Minrt n, thn Constitution, -which -wmM admit the j a jj force that would be employed against them, they the King at every turn.
e recognition of 'be comic,ness of a
lidi -*i
oxerffse of such n power, would satisfy 'he weaker of
the two section?, particularly with it - pe. iffiar industry
j*r,u property, which experience has shevo p.nv lit.- so in-
jn.NOUsly effected by its exercise. Thus n,uch for one
sde.
r p!, (3> jnst claims of the n f hcr nn^lu to he cq"ol!y re*--
pected. Whatever excitement, the system na? justly
nosed, in certain por'ionR of our country, I hope, and fe-
lieve, all '’ ill conceive that, the ehanre should be made
rvith the lea.'I possible detriment *o the interests of those,
-who may bs liable -o be affected by if, consistently with
v.hat is justly due to others and the principles of tha
Constitution. To effect this, will require the kindest
spirit of conciliation, and tlie utmost skill; but, even with
these, it will be impossible to make the transition, without
a shock greater or less; though I tnist, if judiciously ef
fected, it will not he without many compensating ad van-'
tages. That, there will be some such, cannot be doubted.
It will, at least, re followed by greater stability, and will
tend to harmonize the manufaetiuinc with all of the oth
er sreat interests of the country, ana bind the whole in
mutual affection. But these are not all. Another advan
tage, of essential importance to the ultimate prosperity
of our manufacturing industry, will follow. It will chea
pen production; and, in that view, the loss <>f any one
branch, will be nothing like in proportion to tb.e reduo.
tion of duty on that particular branch. Every reduc
tion will, in fa>-t, operate as a bounty to every o'her
branch, except, tha one reduced; and thus the effect of *
general reduction will bo to cheapen, universally, 'h*
price of production, by cheapening living, wares and ma
terials; so as to give, if not equal profits after the red. e-
♦ion, profits by no means reduced proportionally to the
duties; an effect, which, a® it regards the foreign marke*.
is of the utmost importance. It must be apparent on rc •
flection, that the means adopted to secure the bom* mark
et for our manufactures are precisely the opposite ! <
those necessary to obtain the foreign. In the forme
'he increased expense of production in consequence of-
vstem of protection, may Ire more than compensated l -
he increased price at home of the article protected; b-
: n the latter this advantage is lost, and as there is r>
other ccrrcspocdipre oontpondatjon, the ificresssd coct ol
.... , , . , . ., /v. . „ . , .. „ . ,... - . , . announcement was followed bv loud cheers.
1 hat th’s band migntthe more effectually resist verberations oi the muttnuduuu s voices that hailed : r» ^ i... , . , " „ .
t everv turn. “Alr.n* the line the riqntil! v, 0 ^ of Ihdnhch-A letter from the Bus?,an
he fuidejoie of loyal voices in continued : rf 1 J,me „ 10 > Fveyntelhgencc
♦!« V-e. . . i- c . ol the death of Diebilsch, in these words: ’• 1 he In>
withstand"- toe pawned Ups and fiery . , Uussi Commander-in-Chief, General Field
formed Gen. Gair.es of the situation ofthp State,
and of my preparatory movements. After the
General became acquainted with the numbers and
treated with many other tribes*to combine tocr^th- ran,” and tl
er for the purpose of aiding this British hand to cheers, noli
continue in possession ol the countrv in question. faces, was kept up with little intermission. ine w ■ ■ , n ... , 0 . ,
These facts and circumstances being known to King, we thought, looked pale and dispirited; and 1 rS Count Diehitsch Sabalkansky, suuden.v
the frontier inhabitants, they became much alarm- the cheering was not so loud and enthusiastic as ‘ ^ 1C( * US ^ a vri at " a * ^ a -f- °?*1 V c °jH’ at ^ lS ,V*
ed, and many of them abandoned their homes and tlie crowd would have led us to expect.” i jl u jj r * ers a * K-leczewo. Until his sudden attack nC
habitations. ‘ About two o’clock, he entered the antique coam- ! *, ,ad ^ in P edect , he v a , Uh ’ and T the preceding
In this situation of affairs, I considered the State her, in magnificent robes, and took his seat on the <a ^ ^ iac been remarkably cheerlul at table, v.heiq
to lie “actually invaded,” and tlie country in “im- throne of that long line of Kin<rs, amongst whom at i° c *°^ the morning, he was su en y at*
------ - ^ ^ L unom tacked by a destructive malady winch bore ynqags* t
of cholera.” |
accepted, par interim, the cot»
folloffinff V v ' ° Riandol the army."
° ADDRESS* A Paris paper says that Diehitsch died ofapa* 1
“My I^rds ami Gentlemen— . i?! ex >'> <f“sioned by the chagrin caused by the
. “I have availed myself of the earliest opportunity d ‘ sm, “ £t j ff? m hB , command, which immediately
disposition of the Indians, and the exposed situation of resorting to your advice and assistance after the P iecea ®“ “ il3 eveI \b joined to his excessne tndu.-
of tlie frontier, he very rightly determined on mak- dissolution of the late Parliament. i § ence _ in “ ie use ot intoxicating liquors. A he Ku^«
ing a requisition on me for a number of mounted “Having had recourse to that measure for the ^ an , . SKe , w ! tS0 fo’ WEa substituted in ha place,
militia. These mounted volunteers whom I had purpose of ascertaining the sense of mv neonle on ” as -< ewitsc l 118 sai< * to be the perlect contrast oi hi*
organized for the same purpose, cheerfully march- fhe expediency of a reform in the representation Tjr e /^f esso ^’ reserved, co Cfo andsober. He ha*
cd al (he rail oflhc United States. * I have now to recommend that important question ! 1, * ert0 on| y ^hegutshed himself hy his conduct
The great extent of the frontier from Lake Mich- to your earliest and most attentive consideration, m the war »gainst, tne Persians, as Diebitseh wa*
ignn to the.Mississippi in this State, including part confident that in arty measures which vou mav . ov,tl kl3 cam P a, 2 n ag?mst the T urks,
oft the mineral country, made it necessary to have prepare for its adjustment, you will carefully ad- T ' iere n is every reason to believe that Paskewitsch,
the service of mounted men to protect the citizens, here to the acknowledged principle ofthe constitu- aS , J 18 his P rea8ce sSor, will find in ^ the Poles
There arc great numbers of Indians, who reside tion, bv which the pero<ratives of the Crown, the ve ftJdifferent wamors from the: Asiatics,
m... tic tt.m Ct„*n „,1 ;+ —i.—fv.ii. W i he papers are almost, without exception, tuu
for the success of the Poles. Several
of the kingdom of Austria have, it is stat*
sayv to make tlie call, and that a considerable ifum-j “The assurances of a friendly disposition which I' a(1J ^f ssed the Emperor of Austria imploring
her of mounted men ought to be employed in this ‘
service.
It has lieen the ease in-many military operations
’bat a sufficient force has not been in the first, in
stance employed, and the consequence has been
lisaster and defeat. This was hot. the case in this
miiiftiry movement. A sufficient force of mounted
.mere arc great manners oi jniuans, wno reside tion, by which the perogatives ol the Crown, the fc,'
near the northern border of this State, and it was authority of both Houses of Parliament, and the! r 1 he P ap
probable that all might he joined in a war. | rights and liberties of the people, are equally se-1 °
I have no liesitation in stating that it was neecs- 1 cured. i counties of
continue to receive from all Foreign Powers, en- j !“»«?> aliow them to assist tlie Poles, and remind
courage the hope, that notwithstanding the civil m £ lim tua ^ to trie Fo.ea he owes his own thron .■
commotions which have disturbed some parts of
Europe, and the contest now existing in Poland, the
general peace will he maintained.
To the preservation of this blessing, my most
anxious care will lie constantly directed'.
Sambo.—I gee you to3e—JVulljicashun.
Toney.—Heh, man, wat dat ?
Sam.—You no know, vruh^fftiitficaHtn ? Klty
dog baik arlsr big one.