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TUB
DAILY GEORGIAN,
IS FI'HLliILKD IX TIIK
By G. & W. ROBERTSON,-
AT EIGHT DOLLARS PER ANNUM, ’
I'ayaum: in advance.
thi:
OXi&lf
VOL. XIII.
COUNTRY GEORGIAN,
lk> piihliKhod to line' tl) * nail: < un ol the iiuiU
Three Tunes a Week (Monday, Wednesday ami Fri
day) at the office of the Daily Gcuryiiui. and coni.iius
all the intelligence, Commercial, Political and Miscella
neous, including Advertisements, pnblulied in the Daily
Paper.
The Country Paper is senttoalliiaits oftlte State and
Union, or delivered in l lie city, iitFlVK DOLLARS per
annum, payable in advance.
Advertisements are inserted in both papers at 75 cent!
per square of 14 lines, for tin* first insertion, and 37 1-5
for every succeeding publication.
Communications by mail must be POSTPAID.
Sales of Land by Administrators, Executors and
Guardians arc required by buv to bo held on the
first Tuesday in the month, between the hours of If j
and 3o’clock, at the Court House in the county in which |
the property is situate. Notice of these sab s must In j
givenin a public gavotte Sixty Days previous to the sale. !
Notice for leave to sell negroes, must be published |
for four months, before any order absolute shall be niadt
thereupon bv tho Court.
Sales of Negroes must be nt public auction, on the
first Tuesday ol'tlie uviutlij hi twe- u the usual hours ot
sal--, at the place of public sales in the .e.iiynty where
the letters Testamentary, of AdininiRration or Cuar-
dianship, may have been -'runted, first giving Sixty Days
notice thereof, in one of mo public g uott.is ofthi-. St.iti
and nt tho door of the court-house, where such sale-
ore to be held.
Notice of the sale of Personal Property must be givei
in like manner Forty days before the snL*.
Notice to Debtors ami Creditors of an estate must be
publialioilfor Forty days.
Notice that application will bo made to the Court ot
Ordinary for leave to soil land, must be published Four
Months
riiotnns Kyrrson. Jr.
H
«?Se*
m&a s,oc
Y &c. &c.—which romleis tho same
very completo and extensive, which ho odors
for sale, on accomodating terms, for cash, or
town acceptances.
Sulpli Quinine (Pr.) Saffron (Span.)
do Morphine do . Opium (Turkey)
’ Sarspnrilla (Span.)
do (Am.)
Music (gr.)
Mustard Seed (white)
01 Almonds
do Amber (root.)
Castor (N. A.)
{Soda and Said. Powd.
Acid Tartaric
SAVANNA!!, SATURDAY MORNING, At GUST SO, 1831. NO. *01.
GEORGtAN',
[AS just received per recent arri-1 That pleasantly situated II
als, in addition to his former in St. Marvs, lately oeeupid
Jock of Dituns AND menicinks, | |JJJJ^fcJolm 11. M'lutoah, Esq.^
Chloride ot Soda.
C CONCENTRATED Disinfecting Solti-
> tion of Chloride of Soda, for preserving
meat, removing offensive smells, neutralizing
pestilential exhalations, and destroying con
tagion.
Prepared of uniform strength, by the New
England Chemical Company, ceordingto the
formulary promulgated by the philosophic
discoverer, A. G/Laharra^cb.
This article having been made use of, in nu
merous instances, by scientific, persons of the
very first st ntling, and always with certain
success, the following modes of applying the
Chloride, may lie relied on as proper and ben
eficial.
With a sprinkling of water mixed with one
fortieth of Chloride, the stench cun he in
stantly put down of tho fillhiest kennels, Hew
ers, cess-pools, drains, water-closets,markets,
ntulls for meat and fish, slaughter-houses and,
in general, all places infected with animal
exhalations.
Fur foul ulcers, a wine glass ofCfdoride
nmst be mixed with as much an fire times
that quantity of pure water, and pledgets of
lint must be dipped into this wash and thou
laid over the ulcers. This droning to he re
newed twice u day. If the sore becomes red
and angry the wash of five parts water must
be still further diluted ; if, on the contrary,
the sore does not change its appearance, it
must he dressed once or twioo with Chloride
end water, half and half, so as to dispose to a
slight inflammation,which is indispensable to
convert fetid and running ulcers into simple
sores. The healing then progresses rapidly.
The moment the Chloride is applied upon an
ulcer the disagreeable smell is destroyed.
A fresh supply of this valuable article just
received and for sale low. by
LAV & HENDRICKSON.
Also—The Chloride of Soda, prepared
by A. G. Labarraque, the celebrated French
Chemist. june 14
Swaim’s Panacea.
■J^OR the cure of Scrofula or King’s Evil.
JT Syphilitic&. Mercurial Diseases, Rheu
matism, Ulcerous Sores, W hite Swellings,
Diseases of the Liver and Skin, General De
bility, and all diseases which originate from
impure blood, or indiscretion of ) outh, and
where the constitution has been broken down
by the use of Mercury, Arsenic, Bark or Qui
nine, &c. and most internal diseases where
the lungs and chest arc supposed to be affec
ted, &c. &c.
CAUTION TO PURCHASERS.
(£p* Swaim’s Panacea is in round bottles,
fluted longitudinally, with the following words
blown in the glass :—
“ SWAIM’S PANACEA—PIIILADA.”
having but one label, which covers the cork,
with my own signature on it, so that the
cork cannot bo drawn without destroying the
signature, without which none is genuine.—
The medicine may consequently be known to
be genuine when my signature is visible ;
to counterfeit, which will be punishable as
forgery.
The PublicVnro cautioned not to purchase
my Panacea except from myself, my accredi
ted agents, or persons of known respectabil
ity ; and all those will consequently be with
out excuse, who shall purchase IVom any oth-
or persons.
***—Prepared and sold at Swaim’s Lnbo-
ratoVy, South Seventh Street, next dyor to
the Philadelphia Baths, corner of George &
Seventh Streets, and sold by every respecta
ble Druggist in the United States.
To avoid the many attempts that have been
made to impose upon the public base imita
tions ofthis Celebrated Medicine,the subscri
bers have made arrangements to keep on
hand,a supply direct from the proprietor. The
public may* therefore rest assured that the
Genuine Sicaim's Panacea can always be
had at their store warranted.
Alurgesupply of thisMedicine hasjust been
received. Druggists and others throughout
the State, who purchase to sell again, can
have it at a reduced price.
LAY & HENDRICKSON,
Wholesale & Retail Druggists,
2 & 15 Gibbons’ Buildings.
Also, afresh supply of Swaim’s celebrated
Vermifuge, just received and for sale as above
june 17
ltc House, under the Bluff.
€ 1ANDLER & DAVIDSON have estab-
/ fished an ICE HOUSE, in John D.
Mongin’s buildings, two doors west of Abner
Bassett’s ship Chandlery, where they will he
prepared to deliver Ice from 5 o’clock, A. M.
to 7 P. M. every day, except Sundays, on
which day, tho Ice House will be open from
sun rise until 8 A. M. and from 12 to 2 P. M.
may 28 ,
The Dutchman’s Fireside.
T IIOS. M. DRISCOLL has just recei
ved Nob.3&4 of Library of SelectNovels,
being the Dutchman’s Fireside, 2 yols. by J.
K. Paulding. .i une ^
Hats ~
milREE cases Palm Leaflets, for sale by
1 jdy 2 LUTHER & CO.
Pi pernio do
Hydriodatc Potass
Prussic Acid
Croton Oil
Iodine
Blue Mass (Eng.)
Phosphate Soda
do Iron
Cheltenham Salts
Henry’s Magnesia
(genuine)
Isinglass (staple)
do sheet
Mezcron
Balsam Fir
Super Curb Soda
Ergot.
PBRF U M K It Y
Otto of Roses Antique
Bear’s Oil Ceylon
Roue, Cologn, and Russia
Lavender Water
in cut glass and
plain Bottles
Honey and Orange
Flower Water
Extracts of Roses
Pastilles Fnmantes*
Macassar Oil.
With a general assortment of English,
French and American SOAPS
03-COUNTRY MERCHANTS, Physi
cians and Planters, wiil find it to their ad
vantage to cull.
N. B. Physicians proscriptions carefully
put up at the shortest notice, & at ull hours.
Savannah, 2lsr February 1831.
—The Georgia Journal, Macon Messen
ger, Democrat (Columbus, Gti.) will please in
sert the above, once a week for three weeks,
and forward their accounts to this oftu e for
payment. fob 21
Sal AratUB
Flore Benzoin
Castor Oil, sup’r.
do. plantation use
Resin of Jalap
Spatula’s Piil Tiles,
Patent Medicines, &c.
Oil
do
do
Bears grease (Fr&En)
Florida Water
Pomatum
Espritde Rose
Milk of Roses
Cold Cream
Vegetable llouge
Spanish Brown do
Verdigris do
White Lend dry
Spanish Brow 11 do
Venetian Hod
Crotne Yellow
Crome Green
Terra de Sienna
Verdigris dry
Paints, < tils. Glass, Ac- A c.
rplIE subscribers offer for sale the follow
1- ing articles of Paints, Oils, Glass, &c.
&c. at the lowest market price for caul) or
credit, and have made arrangements to re-
ceive fresh supplies by every arrival. Mer
chants, Planters and others are respectfully
invited to call before they purchase.
While Lend in Oil Rotten Stone
Bronze Yellow
Carmine
Drop Luke
Copal Varnish
Japan do
Bright do
Leather do
Linseed Oil
Train do
Blank Lead in powderWhale do
Ivory Black Sperm do very super’r
Lainpdcrlb.&llbpuperGuni Amber •
Burnt Umber “ Arabic
Rose Pink Sp’ts. Turpentine
Dutch do “ Wine
Spanis White Gold and Silver Leaf
Parit do Do and do Puper
Turkey limber Gum Shellac
Red mid White Chalk Paint br’slis,Sash tools,
otnice& Rotten Stone Carnol’s Imir pencils
Chinese Vermillion Varnish brushes,&c.
Red Lead
dUO boxes 8 by 10, Ohv 11 Si 10 by 12Gla.se
LAY & HENDRICKSON,
march 16
33)
Cloths. Ons-iineres. Vestimrs. &
made to order by
WILLIAM O. PRICE,
MERCHANT TA YLOR,
at the
SAVANNAH CLOTHING EMPORIUM
(on the Iiay, opposite the Exchange)
where may be 'found
a eue.su, fashionable and well made as
sortment OF SEASONABLE
Raid;) Made Clothing,
and every variety of
FANCY ARTICLES
Just received by tho late arrivals and offer
ed at the lowest rates,
n.X HIS ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLE,
Pot Cush, or approved City accepts nets.
Savannah, June 14,1831. 170
Notice.
PFllIE co-partnership of CHICHESTER
1 & SCRANTON is this day diwlved by
mutual consent. All persons having demands
against tho concern, will present them for
payment to Alonzo Scranton, who is duly
authorized to settle the business of the con
cern ; and all those indebted are requested to
settle their hills without delay.
ALFRED CHICHESTER.
ALONZO SCRANTON.
Savannah, May ~lth 1630.
DRAPER «fc TAILOR.
03* The undersigned respectfully announ
ces to the friends oft lie late firm ofCiiicii es
ter & Scranton, that he will continue the
business at the old established stand, Young’s
buildings, corner of Bryan & Whitaker-slu.,
where nil disposed to yield him their patron
age, will find tho same splendid assortment of
goods, fashionable and durable, the same taste
m cutting and making, and the same dispo
sition to please and accomodate the public,
that lias ever characterized the establishment,
may 30 ALONZO SCRANTON.
To Let,
That pleasantly situated House
' (l by
terms up jdy to Mrs. King, St. Ma
rys, or iu Savannah to WM. ROSE,
june 21 75—of
Holol. Gainesville, Ga.
THE subscriber is about huil-
j ding un addition to his House iu
Gainesville, hv which lie will he
rA-iv^Sa, enabled to accommodate double
the number of persona that he can at present
with convenience. He will as heretofore re
frain from making any promises whatever,
and wishes* only for that patronage which Ilia
house may merit. He takes tins as the first
opportunity of tendering to his friends and
the public generally, leu acknowledgements
for so liberal a slnucofthe passing patron
age. J CLEVELAND,
may 10 140—{3mo
For Sale.
The subscriber offers for sale,
Ins lot, with the improvements
thereon, consisting of one two sto-
r\j and two one story DWELL
ING HOUSES, in good repair, with out buil
dings. Tho situation is a very plotted t one,
being on the east side of Washington Square,
immediately opposite the residence of Maj.
M. W. Stewart . The lot contains several
excellent fruit trees, grape vines, &c. For
furl her particular, apply on the premises, to
may 30—\ JOHN DENNIS.
NcwYork Cheap Wholesale
Cloak, Slock .‘J- Clothing Ware
house. REMOVED.
T HE subscriber has removed his catablish-
mennVom No I8.j Maiden Lane, to
the spacious store, No. 138 Pearl Street,
over Messrs. Hyde, Cleveland &Co. where
I10 will keep constantly on hand a much more
extensive assort meat than Ibinterly. The
style, make and materials of the Cloaks will
’ greatly unproved and will be sold at about
the same low prices as those of the last sen
son. He has also on hand a large assort
ment oflow priced clothing,made in good stile
expressly for tho southern and western trade*,
that will he sold nt about the usual prices of
the most inferior quality. Also, an assort
ment of Stocks, with many other desirable ar
tides. Those who will take the trouble to
examine this Stock of Goods, will probably
satisfy themselves that they cannotsdect. tin-
same amount from any stock ill the city that
will l»e a safer or more desirable purchase.
For sale by F. J. .CON A NT,
N<». 138 Pearl-st. Now-York.
Terms—fi months for npproved Notes.'
payable at Banks .n good standing in any part
of the country—8 months for city uccentan
ces or 5 per cent discount for cash. In all
cases when the time ^extended, interest will
ho charged at the rule of 6 percent per an
mtin. Any Goods purchased at this establish
ment that do not suit, the market, for which
they were intended, will be exchanged for
o hors
upril 12 116—f3rn
Factorage and Commission 13u
1 si ness.
nnllE subscribers have formed a onpnrt-
.1]. norship under the firm of MALONE &>■
SI,STARE, fertile transaction of a General
Commission Business in this City, and will be
prepared to make advances on produce con
signed to them for sale. They will also pay
particular attention to the receiving and for
warding Goods to tiie interior.
R. MALONE.
II. SJSTARE.
Savannah, 30/A June 1831. 179—u
Cutlery- &■o. A c.
A N assortment of fine Cutlery, such as—
Rogers’ Pocket, Pen and Dirk Knives ;
Wnstenhoim’s do. do..do.; Rogers and Pren
tiss’ superior Scissors ; all very superior and
new patterns.
Roger’s Damascus nnd Silver Steel Razor*
J. Barber’s old English do.; in double and sit.
glo cases.
Emerson’s Elastic and Prcntis’s 4 sided Ra
zor Straps.
Gli ss, Metal nnd Wood Shaving Boxes ;
Bone, tied and Metal Handle Lather Brush
es ; English and American Shaving Soap ;
in great variety.
Gentlemen’s Morocco Shaving Cases for
travelling, a new article and very neat. Also,
Gentlemen's Travelling Mirrors. Addison’s
Ever Pointed Silver Pencil Cases, with extra
points.
An additional supply of the above articles,
just received nnd for sale nt low prices, by
LAY & HENDRICKSON,
11*00 PE WA R D ”
lyf/TEL be given for talcing and securing the
tt following described negro fellow*.— . -, , , • ,
-p. . a . .i ■ i, <}i , i,' i ting t ie oss of said deed, and praying the
They went oil on the night ot the 21st J*eb- .. , . ... , . *. •
; n..„. establishment of the said copy m lieu of the
Original
A |>l,'usinga|>pi , nnim , (>is the first
Lpltri' of Ureommowlntion.
■MXltH. VINCDNT’H (irnuiun Oowlnml'a
1,01:011 is the most pleasant and elleot*
uni Remedy for nil Complaints to which the
Face and Skin are liable, by removing every
kind of Coarseness, Eruption, and Unplea
sant Appearance, nnd rendering the Skin
Clear, Smooth ami Transimtent.
This elegant, safe, and mild preparation,
for the cur<‘ of all cutaneous disorders, Ibrthe
removul of nil eruptimu .from the Ihco nnd
Hkin, and for improving the most delicate
complexion, stands ns a discovery without ils
equal in I lie annals of medicine :—its success
has been found adequate to its merits ;—the
recept ion which it has met with in tho fash
ionable world, the many thousands of rank
and distinction who have adopted, continued
and recommended its use, could not hut prove
nn intiecinont to contemporary jealousy.—
Like other inventions of merit nnd importance
in the medical world, it has been assailed by
weak but mischievous imitation. To prevent
being so imposed upon, observe the Name
M E. Vincent on tho Label.
The most tender Lady or Child mnv nt nil
times mil ko use ofthis Lotion with tllcgrnn-
test safety, nnd a few weeks application will
restore oven the most inflamed Face to ncool
nnd oLar transparent beautiful wliilo nnd red.
A more innocent nnd salutary remedy is not
to he found in all nature. It stands unriyiil-
I'd fur clearing the Fane and Skin from nil
Eruptions, Freckles, extraordinary Redness,
EffectsofSurfeits, Heats,and Tumours, Scor
butic Impurities, and dryness of the Skin, all
Blotches nnd I'iniples, from whatever cause
arising, hard lumps or Knobs in tho Skin,
the Greasy or Oily Appearance, livid and
siclly Paleness, Thickness, and Opacity, nnd
for denning and improveing the Complexion.
A good appoornnee is certainly one eft hose
advantages which is silently operating in onr
favour over'' moment ofour lives, even in onr
absence; while a forbidding visa go, yr one
marked with disease, is more forcibly nct.ing,
and unfortunately in a much greater variety
of wavs to our disadvantage, than' is general
ly apprehended.
Persons who regard either what is due to
themselves, or the favour nnd opinion of the
world, wlm can distinguish between the come
lines i .."health and the deformity of disease,
and who can weigh tho advantages which be
long to nrid are inseparable from an engaging
appearance, to w 1 icli tlmv themselves have
by nature the strongest claims, are seriously
assured that, those advantages are to lie oh-
mined by the use of this Lotion, prepared bv
Mrs. Vincent, sole proprietor of Dr. Gow-
hnitl’8 M S. Receipo.
Contrast the ruddy vigour of health, anima
ting the vivid tints of henuty.w lb tliolangonr
of apparent sickness ; let us consider what
me the advantages of one above the other,
even in the common and ordinary concerns
of life, which indeed have eventually decided
the future fortune of thousands, by a pleasing
•ippeurati e at. first sight, which arete obtain
od by the use ofthis Lotion, prepared by Mr*.
Vincent, sole proprietor of Dr. Gmvlund’s
MS. lteceipe ; and every bottle of the genu
ine is signed M. E. Vincent.
A fresh supply o»‘ this superior article ju«t
received and for sale by
july 10 LAY HENDRICKSON
- - - rivn Doi,
I'nti) li|l||i-«r ill IhUI) |,:i
Strayed
ON Sunday Evening the 19th
current, from Savannah, a large
Bay and small Boy HORSE; the
»j> latter with a blaze in his face.—
They were seen on Sunday the
26th instant, at Muirliall Plantation, belong
ing to James Brown, Esq. near tho seven mile
stone on the road to Darien and went otf I here
from the same night in company with a Roan
Filly belonging to him. Ali expcncos will he
paid with a reasonable reward for delivery of
the Horses and Filley or either of them, by
application to Mr. Brown or at this office.
.1 mic 30
l)<‘ I .<■) Montc.rut’s
C 4 01,UM HI A N Vegetable Specific, for the
J cure of Consumptions, As'hma, Phuiri
*y, Spitting of Blood, and Pulmonary affec-
ion-r of every kind, the most valuable reme
dy ever discovered for the cure of Consump
lions and all diseases of the breast and lungs
leading to Consumpt ions.
To all afflicted with these troublesome nf
feet ions an immediate use ofthis highly cele
brated Specific is only necessary to convince
the most incredulous of its possessing quali
ties, superior to any other medical pre;>ura
tion yet discovered. Since the discovery of
this invaluable medicine, numbers have ex
perienced its salutary and happy efiects. Its
mild nnd gentle operations are much extoll
ed by those who have used it. In all cases
of coughs, colds, asthmas, and other con
sumptive affections by the use ofthis article
they have been enabled to defeat an enemy
whose attacks would otherwise Imvc been
fdlowed h\ the most alarming consequences.
This Specific has relieved and cured tho most
violent cases in which other medicines have
failed to give any relief. It operates by gen
tle expectorations, and may be given to in
fants and clnldieti with the greutost safety.
A fresh supply of these celebrated Cough
Drops, just received and for sn,le by
LAY & HENDRICKSON,
july 14 Agents, Gibbon’s Buildings.
Chatham Superior Court,
May Term 1831.
O N tho petition of Elias Bliss, setting
forth that ho watt possessed of a certain
original Deed from Mary Wilkinson, copy
whereof is annexed to his petition, nnd sta-
ruary last, in n small two or three on rod Can
oe, that bus formerly been painted red, with
dark colored gunwales, Say one hundred
dollars for GEORGE—he is' about thirty-five
years old. about six feet high, dark complex
ion, walks very erect, and steps brisk,
was purchased some years ago from Mr. Dun
ham, near White Bluff. He is an artful and
cunning fellow, and will probably endeavor to
escape from whoever apprehends him, by
feigning a fit, or some other sickness. Ale®,
859 each for YORK & SOLBY or SAULS-
BURY. York is twenty two or three years old,
five feet eight inches high, stout made and
very black skin. Sobly is about twenty years
old, near bix feet high, smooth face, dark
complexion, and large under lip. These last
two fellows have lately been purchased from
Messrs. Bryan & Screven, of Chatham Coun-
ty, and arc from Wilmington Island, where
they are acquainted, and at several places on
the Carolinuside.
-Adam, one of tho gang, has lately been ta
ken in the neighborhood of Wilmington Is
land.
All reasonable expenses will ho paid exclu.
sive of the reward, on application to either
the subscriber or Elias Fort., Esq. of Savan
nah. ALEXANDER ATKINSON,
july 19 Camden County.
Hay, Oats and Corn.
4 CONSTANT supply of Hay, Oots and
Corn, on bund and for sale by
MICHAEL DILLON,
july 5 Telfair’s wharf.
On motion of Richard R. Cuyler, for peti
tioner, It is ordered that the said copy be esta
blished in lieu of the original deed at tjic next
Term of this Court, unless cause ho shown
to the contrary before that time. And it is
ordered, that this rule be published in one of
the gazettes of Savannah, once a month for
six mouths.
True Extract from‘lie Minutes.
BENJAMIN B. KTURGE8,
july 21—$6m Dop. Clerk S.C.C.C.
Notice.
I TIOUR months after date application will
bo ni.de to the Inferior Court of Chat ham
County, when sitting for ordinary purposes,
for leave to sell i lie real estate of Joseph Da
vis, deeoa ed, late of Chatham County for
the benefit of the heirs and creditors.
SAMUEL C. HOUSE,
july 14 Administrator.
Notice.
A FTER four months from this datenppli-
. cation will he made to the lion, the In
ferior Court of Chatham County, for leave to
sell the lot No. 237. Henry County, contain-
ing 202} acres of land, the same being real
estate Ifelongingto the estate of Robert Mitch-
ol, deceased.
july t ( ) PETER MITCHEL, Ex’or.
l Just Received,
X C/iSKK London Porter, for sule by
*) ifjrSG E NS WORTH & WAY
Blit. CALHOUN'S ST VTUMUNT.
From the Pendleton S.C. Messenger, Aug.3.
Mr. Symmes :—I must request you to per
mit me to use your columns, an tho medium
to make known my sentiments nn the deeply
important question, of the relation, which the
Hlatos nnd General Government hear to each
other, nml which is, at this time, a subject of
so much agitation.
Ii is one of tho peculiarities of tho station T
occupy,that while it tieeessarilv connects its
incumbent, with tho politics oft ho day, it of-
fords him no opportunity officially to express
his sentiinontH, except, accidentally on nn e-
qual division of t.lic body, over which he pre
sides. lie is thus exposed, ns I have often
xperienced, to have his opinions erroneous
ly nml variously represented. In ordinary
cases, I conceive, tho correct cotirso to he to
remain silent, leaving to time nnd circumstan
ces, the correction of misrepresentations ; hut.
there am occasions so vitally impor'ant, that
n regard both »o duty ami character would
seem to forbid such a cotirso ; end such, I
conceive, to he the present. Tho frequent
allusions to mv sentiments, will not. permit
me to doubt, that such also is the public con
ception, and that, it claims the right to know,
in relation to the question referred to, the o-
pinions of those, who hold important, official
siaticiiiR; while on my part, desiring to re-
noil her unmerited praise, nor blame. I
feel. 1 trust, the solicitude, which every him-
'stand independent tnan ought, that my no ti
ll incuts should ho truly known, whether they
h- 1 such, us may ho calculated to recommend
them to.public favor, or not. Entertaining
these impressions, I have concluded, that it
'R mv duly to make known my sentiments ;
and 1 have adopted the mode, which oil re
flection seemed to he tho most simple, and
best calculated to effect the object in view.
'Phe question of the r< l ition, which the
States and General Government hour to each
o'her, is not one of recent origin. From tlm
cmmencpment. ofour system, it. has divided
public sentiment. Even in tho Convention
while the Constitution was struggling into ex
istence, there were two parties, as to wluit
this relation should lie, whose different, senti
ments, constituted no small impediment in
forming that instrument. After the General
Government wont into operation, experience
soon proved, th t the question hnd not termin
ated with the labours of tho Convention.—
The great struggle, flint preceded the politi
cal revolution of 1801, which brought. Mr.
Jefferson into pawn'-, turned essentially on it;
and the doelrinnsnnil arguments on both sides
wore embodied nnd aiilv sustained ; on the
one,in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions,
and the report to the Virginia Legislature ;
and on the other, in therool'os ofth»» legis
lature nf Massachusetts nnd some of the otlii
States. These resolutions and this report,
w'th the decision of the Supremo Court, of
Pennsylvania about tlv* same time, (particu
larly in till* ease of Cobhoft.. delivered bv
Chief J st : oe M'Kenn and concmred in by
th whole bench,) contain, vvliat. 1 believe to
bp, the true doctrine on th s im -orfanf. sub
ject. ( refer to them, in order to avoid the
necessity nf presenting mv views, with the
reasons in suponrt ofthe n, in detail.
As mv ohjpcl i« simnlv to state my opin
ions, 1 might, pause with t his reference to
documents,that, so fully and ably state nil of
the points immediately connected with this
deeply important subject; but as tlu re are
.many, jvhomnvnot have the opportunity, or
leisure to refer to them, and, as it is possi
ble, however clear they may be, that different
persons may place d.flernnt interpreta'ions
on heir meaning, I will, in order that my
sen'intents may h" fully known, and to avoid
all ambiguity, proceed to state Biimmarily
the doctrines, which I conceive they cm
brace.
Their great and leading principle is, that
the Onoriil Government emanated from the
people of tho several states forming distinct
political communities and acting in their
sepemte and sovereign capacity, and not from
all ol’tlie people forming one aggregate pol ti-
cnl community : flint,the Constitution of the
United Etales is in ficta c.omonet, to which
each State is a party, in the character alrea
dy described ; and that the several States or
parties, have a right to judge of its infractions
and in c.nRes of a deliberate, palpable, and
dangerous exersise of a power not delegated,
they have the right, iu the last resort, to use
llie 1 ngmige of the Virginia resolutions, “to
interpose for arresting the progress c.j the
evil, and for maintaining within their res
pective limits, the. authorities, rights and
liberties appertaining to them.” This right
of'interposition, thus soiemly asserted by the
Slate of Virginia, he it called what it may,
slate right, veto, imlificntion, or any other
name, I conceive to be the fundamental prin
ciple ofour system, resting on facta histori
cally as certain ns our Revolution itself, and
deductions, ns simple and demonstrative, as
that of any political, or moral truth whatever,
nnd I firmly belie o that on its recognition
depends, thestubility and safety ofour politi
cal institutions.
I am not ignorant, that those opposed to
the doctrine lia^e always, now nnd formerly,
regarded it ill a very different light,as nnnrchi-
cul nnd rovolutjonnr). Could I believe such
in fact to be its tendency, to me it would be
no recommendation. I yield to none, I trust,
in a d< epand sincere attachment to our politi
cal institutions, and the. union of tlieso States.
I never breathed nn opposite sentiment; but
on the contrary, I have ever considered them
the great instruments of preserving our liber
ty, and promoting the happiness of ourselves
and our posterity ; nnd next to these,
have over held them most dear. Nearly half
my life lias passed m the service oft lie Union,
nnd whatever public reputation Tliuvo acquir
ed, is indissolubly indentified with it. To bo
too national has, indeed, been considered by
many, even of my friends, to he my greatest
political fault. With these strong feelings
of attachment, I have examined with the
utmost care, the bearing of tho doctrines in
quet tion ; and so far from anarchical, or
revolutionary, I solemnly believe it to be the
only solid foundation ofour system, and ofthe
Union itself, and that the opposite doctrine,
which denies tho states the right of protect-
ing their reserved powers, and which would
vest in the General Government, (it matters
not through what Department,) tho right of
determining exclusively and finally the pow
ers delegated to it, is incompatible with tho
' sovereignty ofthe States, and of the Consti
tution itself, considered as the basis of a fede
ral Union. As strong as this language is, it
is not stronger than that used by the illustri
ous Joffersoti, who said, to give to tiio Gune-
ral Government the final and exclusive right
to judge of itH powers, is to make “ its dis
cretion and not the Constitution the mea
sure of its powers ,” nnd that “in all rases
of compact between part it having no com
mon Judge., each party has an equal right
(o judge, for himself as well of the opera
tion,as of the mode and measure nf redress."
Language cannot bo more explicit; nor cun
higher outhority ho adduced.
'I’liut different opinions are entertained on
this subject, 1 consider, hut ns nn additional
evidence ol’tlie great diversity of the human
intellect. Had not able, experienced arid
patriotic individuals, for whom I have tho
highest respect, taken different views, I would
hnvn thought tho right too clear to admit of
doubt; hut I am taught by this, as well ns by
many similar instances, to treat with defer
ence, opinions differing from my tnvn. The
error may possibly ho with me ; but if so, J.
can only say, that after the most mature and
conscientious examination, I linvo not been
able to detect it. But. with all proper defer
ence, 1 must think, that, theirs is the error
wlm denv, wlmt seems to he an essential at
tribute of the conceded sovereignty of the
states; nml who attributed to tho General
Government u right, utterly incompatible with
what all acknowledge to lie its ’jmited and
restricted character; nn error originating
principally, as I must think, in not duly re-
iluoting on 'he u-turn ofour institutions, ai.d
nn what constitutes tlm only rational object
of nil political constitutions.
Jt h <s been well said by one of the most
sagacious men of antiquity, that the object of
n constitution is to restrain the government,
as that of laws is t o restrain individuals.—
Tito remark is correct, nor is it. loss true,
where the Government is vested ill a majori
ty, than where it is in a single or a fuw indi
viduals ; in a republic, than u ijiounrchy nr
aristocracy. No one can have a higher res
pect for the maxim,,,)hat the majority ought
to govern, than I have, taken m its proper
sense, subject to the restrictions imposed by
the GonstUution and confined to subjects, in
which every portion of the community have
similar interests; lint it is a great error to
suppose, as many do, that the right of a ma
jority to govern is a natural and not. a con
ventional right ; and, therdfore, absolute nnd
ilimited. By nature every individual has
the right to govern himself; and Govern*
ments, whether founded on majorities, or mi
norities, must derive their right from the as
sent, expressed or implied, ofthe governed,&
lie subject to such limitations, as they may im
pose. Where the interestsare the sumo, that
is where the laws that may benefit one. will
honefit all, or the reverse, it is just and prop-
er to place ihoin under the control ofthe
majority; hut where' I hey are dissimilar, so
that tho law that may benefit one portion,
may ho ruinous to another, it would boon
tlii’ contrary uniuJt and absurd to subject them
to its will; and such. I conceive to he the
theory on which our Constitution rests.
That such dissimilarity of interests may
exist, it is impossible to doubt. They are to
he found in every community, in a greater, or
less degroo, however small, nr homogenous;
and they constitute, every where, the great
difficulty of forming, and preserving free in
stitutions. To guard against tho unequal ac
tion ofthe laws, when applied to dissimilar
and opposing interests,‘in, in fact,what, main
ly renders a constitution indispensable ; to
overlook which, in reasoning on our Consti
tution. would be to omit, tfio principal ele
ment, hv which to determine its character.—
Were three no contrariety of interests, noth
ing would ho more simple and easy than to
form and preserve freo institutions. Tho
right of suffrage alone would bo a sufficient
guaranty. It is the conflict of opposing in
terests which renders it the most difficult
work of man.
Where the diversity of interests exists in
separate and distinct classes of the cotnmu-
n ty, as is the case in England, and was for
merly the case in Sparta, Rome and most of
the free states of antiquity, the rational con
stitutional provision is, that onch should he
represented iu the Government, as a separate
estate, with a distinct voice, and a negative
on the nets of its co-eslatos, in order to-
choc k their encroachments. In England tho
constitution lias assumed expressly this form;
while in the governments of Sparta & Romo
the same tlfing vvns effected under difforent
but not much loss efficacious forms. The
perfection of their organization, in this par
ticular, was that which gave to the Constitu
tion of these renownod States all of their
celebrity, which secured their liberties for so
many centuries und rn pod them to so great a
height of power nnd prospori'y. Indeed, a
constitutional provision giving to tho great &
separate interests ofthe community the right
of Holf-nrntectiou, must appear to thopc who
w ill duly reflect on the subject, not less es
sential to the preservat ion of liberty, than the
right of suffrage, itself—they in fact have a
common object, to rfibr-t which, the one is
as necessary as the other ; to secure respon
sibility, that is, that those who make and
execute the laws should be. accountable to
those, on whom the laws in reality operate;
the only solid and durable foundation of lib
erty. If without the right of suffrage, our
rulers would oppre.-sus, so, without the right
of self-protection, the major would equally
oppress the minor interests ofthe cominuni-
t.v. The absence of the former would make
the governed the skives ofthe rulers, and of
tho latter, the feebler interests the victim of
the stronger.
Happily for up, we have no artificial and
separate classes of society. We have wise
ly exploded all such distinctions; but we art*
not, on that account, exempt from all contra
riety of interests, ns the present distracted
and dangerous condition of our country, un
fortunately, but too clearly proves. With
us they are almost exclusively geographical,
resulting mainly from difference of climute,
soil, situation, industry, and prudence ; but
are not, therefore, legs necessary to bo pro
tected by an adequate constitutional pro.
vision, than where the distinct interests exist
in separate classes. The necessity is, in
truth, greater, as such separate and dissimi
lar geographical interests, are nioro liable to
come into conflict, and more dangerous when
in that State, than those of any other descrip
tion ; so much so, that ours is the first in
stance on record, where they have not form-
mr.d in an extensive territory, separate and
independent communities, or subjected the
whole to despotic sioau. That such may not
bo our unhappy fate also, must ho the sincere
prayer of every lover of his country.
So numerous and diversified are the inter
ests of our country, that they could not be
fairly represented in a single government, ojv