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SOUTHERN BANNER: JANUARY 22, 1878.
What Makes Georgia an In
dependent State P
KY GEORGE I.ITTLE. STATE GEOLOGIST.
Office of Geological Survey. )
Atlanta, Ga , Jan. 5th. 1878. J
Sir. \Y. F. Comb*, Editor Southern Bannor:
Di ak^Sir—L-.-e that you have
e .tuo.l tho nai.ie *f the Athens
Georgian t" that of the Southern
Banner. Th«* Georgian jiii<I its
cd in.. Or. Henry Ii. Carlton, \vei>*
always w t in fi.-nds of the Geological
8 via of ,ti(*iir«ra.
Bell vino that you feel the same
iiiei.s in all that pertains to the
Jei ■ a me nt oft lie material re .oared*
e 'tate
< ’larke’-
• th," whi- '
V ,.I d ,k
I . • ”
Goioi.’r
I seal
I iiuer
(i
O
you a ropy of
‘ Life in the
I ins :m article on
ro-ia an I ilej end
»rui iV liis.i>r\ h's he.ai a
>. 1 i mi victor s mini t he «l.iy
1 i or,. |ii:niiiei] Siivauiiiii.,
itiriil city hy ilie -ea, svitji it-
New York to Atlanta is there a natu
ral ami easy passage over this Larrier
of 3.000feet-in I: eight j until we reach
the neighborhood of Atlanta.
Tin* Appalachian mountains, whieh
hied the Atlantic Ocean, terminate as
i range in .Georgia.
TIM*" jp WfgitiWjB*’
to two portions, the Blue
•roper, whieh is the water sir'd, send-
iii i i s eastern steams to the Atlantic,
and its western flowing to the Ten
nessee, and at a distance from their
source varying fjajUL, twenty to sev-
ent v miles, outjiug through the oilier
ranee, called variously the Iron,
Smoky and Uuaka, and in Georgia
the Cohutta mountains; and in their
■a-s.ige forming the wild and almost
impa-sahle gorges of the French
Broad. Little Tennessee, Iliwa-se-
ami O once. The Blue Ridge chain,
xtc'id ag from the northeast corner
e. i ,c State, in Kabun county, to
(ira—y moil: tain, i Pieken-,. ^in si
s >ni hwestern course, where it ap
proaches die. western chain, extend
ing southward from the Coins tn, and
! iei ininaiiiig iii Fort iiioiiutain, where
...,od will to ill- nation l.v her brill- *" : 'y l*e seen forliiicalionseree ed
hint .eeupti.ii, of the Chief Mngis- '•> 1> &*<» and his followers, as they
tr i e l.v her citizen-, soldi-ry and her '"‘. v «d to the Missts-ippi, lured on
South of this line the immense for
ests of yellow,pjne begiuj and continue
t*»-lhe coast and the FlmidaTme, o'
Which is exported annually 800 mill on
4et, with ti u* native wire-grass cov
crieg the soil in an almost^cndlcss
of. groan, H(folding pas
the vear rotfm
’’ ,,f 1
and
sl.eep
I tBv . I
till
broad »; r -i ts.n il shaded squares, and
spleiidi t pa k, mi the ilay when Al
lan a .t-hi red in the era of peace and
Democratic Governor.
A though Georgia has given to the
Cover uieot territory twice her
present size, from which her noble
sister States, Alabama and Mississippi,
have been constituted, there remains
by the stories of gold which they
heard from the Indian warriors. South
of Fort mountain, the Pirn* Lo
niointaiiis, Allatoona Hills, and Dug
Down mountains, represent, the last
upheavals iu the coniine-iit ol the two
vo In r an ample territory of 5,800 now unite 1 ranges, as they sink grad
square miles, embracing more than
four degrees of latitude, and nearly a
m le of elevation in her mountain
peaks above the level of the Atlantic
On her seaboard.
Tiiis large area has been gradually
brought into use, as her population
has increased from a little band of
emigrants, struggling with the Indian
for liberty to live, to her solid popu
lation of over 1,000,000 permanent
citizens. Slowly at first, her growth
began along the hanks of the Savan
nah, extending 180 miles to the point
where its navigation was stopped by
the falls at Augusta, and here was
founded a city' whieh has utilized this
seeming barrier to further progress,
hy bringing the waters through a
canal which now furnishes 14,000
horse power for factories and mills,
and has enabled her citizens to con
struct the Georgia Railroad west
ward, to draw the products from the
center of the State to water • rauspor-
talien. Savannah, meanwhile, pushed
out her pioneers to the Altamaha,
and settled iis hanks and those of its
tributaries, the Oconee and Ocinulgee,
to Macon, where again the granite
rocks and reef interposed a barrier tn
furl her progress, and again the iron-
horse was called into requisition, and
the Macon itnl Western Railroad
extended its link to meet the line
already advancing from Chattanooga,
the chief port on the Tennessee south
ward around the last spurs of the
Blue Ridge, at Cartersviile.
The meeting point of these three
main arteries of trade and propellers
of population was found in Atlanta,
well-named the Gate City, for through
this point is found the great outlet ol
the provisions and forage and man -
factures of the NjrtInvest to the
Atlantic coast, south of the Potomac,
and her* passes the diagonal of the
grand parallelogram of lines of com
merce, of which the great lakes and
the Eerie canal from one side, and
the fa'her-of-waters, the Mississippi
river, forms another, while the Gulf
of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean
completes the figure.
The next grand step in Georgia’s
progt amine as a State was taken when
the Ai’-Liue Railroad, joining the
West-Point Railroad at Atlanta, was
extended to Charlotte and Richmond,
uallv down to the general level of the
country.
The highest |K»int in the State is
Brasstown Bald, in Towi s county,
almost 4,800 feet in height.
Parallel with the Blue Ridge is a
series of peaks or high ridges, about
as high as the general level of the
gaps of the main ihain, known to
travelers as Mount Yonah, in White
county, (about 8,000 feet,) Skiti’s and
Walker’s mountains, iu Habersham,
Sawtiee, in Forsyth county, and Ken-
ncsaw„ in Cobh county, only 1,800
feet in height. Soulh^of this series
of Jvnolw qr Peaks flows the CtajAte
hooehee river, with its golden sa
This is eminently.lhe grazing region
of the State, while the whole © it
may he successfully cultivated, as
\vel u as the middle and northern sec-
tiona of the State.
North Georgia is par excellence,’’
the mineral reginh, middle Georgia
excels as a tu.-mufactuiiii region, .south
Georgia has a future as an agricul
tural region ; in northwest Georgia
are the coal fields, eoverm^“many
square .idles Alongside of_ iliesr,
ami b i r dering the. lime-t.uiOtyaHoys,
are th<* extensive heils of red fbssili-
fer.ms iron ore, and here wekive the
fuel aiul the flux and the ore,:side l>v
side. On the border of the i.orth-
we'i and northeast sectional o the
inexhaustible beds of brown hema
tite iron and manganese ore, with
sandstone for furnace lieurtTis and ough subjection to the laws as tli
M . Airy, n l im, loved acc in.n -
datious in the lovely ^valley o r Na
eoocliee, a d the mount un region H
Porter Springs and Canada, and the
magnificent scenery of Tallu ah Fills,
will soon m ike tliis beautiful country
known to the world.
These beautiful gift's of nature have
•een improved by a people cbtfrwr
terized by industry, energy, iutelli
geuceand enterprise.
To the original settlers have come
constant red nils of the best lagii'ies
iVoni Virginia ; ml the Carolinas and
Tennessee, with a 1 literalcontnhuMdi'i
from the Northern States, and these
additions have been 'gradual, so that
there has resulted a community
homogenous and harmonious, though
Composed' of so many different ele
ments.
Ill lio Slate ill the Union can lie
found a better ilhi-tra’i.ut of th
bless ngs of a real democratic govern
uir-ni, such as mu- tn’. in* s eud-avofe
to found when they s .light a i.o ue m
the western cdhtin-nl. With an ah'
solute freedom of opinion and e\
pression, there is coinhiued a tlior-
sla'e for roofing, and lime fojS^ement,
ii d hasili, and yellow and red ochres
for paint-. —
Next in order to the east and south
ctn es tne copper belt, from Duck-
4own across ti e State to the Talla
poosa mines ot Haralsi n. Then comes
the marble belt ot Pickens uml Har
alson counties. Next the gold belt,
which has lor halt* a century been
stand, ami a perfect oq uility iu ad
ministration. The people have al
ways hold of prim importance tin
subject of education, at id here are
found schools of every grade, an
sufficient for the whole population ot
school age—from the University ai
Athens, liber.lly endowed, amply
equipped, and generously sustained
by the Legislature, through the de-
every branch, and yielded rich re
turns in proportion lo the labor ex
pended, and which now is attracting
Northern capital to invest in ditches
and flumes for sluicing and Ytiills for
stamping the ore.
Hundreds of lots along this belt
have been tested,, and found to cmi-
tuin paying veins of ore, and to-day
tin retire a dozen, mills running P20
stamp almost iu sight of the old
United States mint, at Dahlonega.
Parallel with this gold Ifelt we
Jiave the g|0|t^ deposits of ^ffiento-j
from which, during the last tnbnlii, a
passing eight miles north of Atlanta, 8 j n g] e individual shipped from Rabun
worked in a primitive way in, almost iiomiuational colleges always liber-
and reaching the Alabma line near
West Point.
South of the river is the ridge of
the same name, averaging 1,000 feet
in height, and parallel with the Blue
Ridge, along w'tli the Air Line Rail
road takes its course, crossing the
State from the Savannah to the Chat
tahoochee.
Tills is the water shed from which
the Savannah, Oconee, Ocinulgee and
Flint rivers run southward to the
At’antic, last of Atlanta, and to the
Gulf, west of this meridian. From
Atlanta the second water-shed ex
tends southward, along the flue of
tiie Macon and Western Railroad to
Barm sville, and tin nee hy Vienna,
in Dooly county, and then turns
southeast along the western side of*
the Okefenokce swamp, and extends
out in the peninsula of Florida.
The northwestern portion of the
State has a seiies of ridges, extend
ing northeast to southwest, called
Sand, Lookout and Pigeon ipotin-
tains, and Dick’s, John’s and Chat
tooga ridges*
Between these lidges are the fer
tile valleys of northwest Georgia.
Between the high chains of the
Cohutta and the Blue Ridge, and
hounded on the south by the Chatta
hoochee river, arc the coves and well
timbered slopes and valleys ot north
east Georgia.
From the Chattahoochee to the
border of the tnetainorphic rocks, on
a line from Augusta to Milledgcvillc,
Macon and Columbus, is middle
Georgia, the most thickly settled and
desirable Piedmont Region, watered
county forty tons, valued at S2.000,
and which is also worked in White,
Hall, Fulton and Troup counties.
In the same section are found
chromic and magnetic iron, serpens
tine, corundum nud mica. Heic also
are found tourmaline, beryl!, garnets,
amethyst, anil even the diamond has
been cccasi.nally obtained from this
favored region.
ally patronized, to the graded schools
of the cities, and the common schools
established iu every section of the
Slate.
Female education has been espe-
i ially fostered, and there are many
colleges and academies in the princi
pal towns in th>* State, where a full
corps of teachers afford ample in
struction in literature and the arts.
Every demand for the support of
benevolent institutions for the blind,
the deaf and d-tnih, the insane, is
promptly and heartily responded Jo
by every succeeding Legislature.'
Not less prominent is the attention
paid to religious culture. All the
denominations have their ministers
sustained, and the number of churches
scattered over the country is truly
remarkable.
These, then, are the elements which
make up the material of which a State
must he composed. Every material
resource has been granted to the
people by the benevolent Creator,
In middle Georgia, besides the and those resources have not been
mountai. s of granite finely suited for
building, which in Stone mountain
makes a great dome 700 feet in
heijjht and several miles in eirctim-
allowed to remain unused. In min
erals, no State has a greater variety
or abundance.
In manufacturing facilities, no
Broomielaiv, so as to secure the ad
vantages ot If arbors and docks with a
dear and Id i recti route ,tp the sea.
Mr. I)eas presents a narrative of pro-
iseeuings for deepening, widening and
Btenghtening the river, which in sonjia
^ jacos wasj so shallow that it coflpl
he forded on foot.. Whpre sand
l>ank«aii*n^;^ft*Bi«»l low water, hind
plows drawn by horses were employ
ed to break up the hanks so that the
current might carry the sand away
When* the sand hanks were under
vater tin y were torn up by harrows
"attached by—t:u kfc to the stern-ot-j-
-team mgs, tile fihpratjed debris
being swept aw-tv l-v tin- curr'-nt and
reflux of the li.ies.
Then began' processes of dredging,
at fir.-t by a chain of iron buckets
worked by hand and hy horses, but
ifit-r.vai ds by s: earn power. Some*
dines ti e dredges 'eiicbuntcred ranks
m,l bowlders, and these had to he
naste c! hy re-oince to diving-bells
md bias ing. F ir a long time the
engineers wen* unaware of a remark-
ihle bed or dyke of whin-tone rock
.t the hot,mm of the river near El-
erslie. about lour piiles from Glassi
,o.v i.is liinnidah e bed of roc.k,
vhich was only discovered bv the
grounding ot’a largesteatnc: in 1874,
-xieuded 900 ieet hy about 300 feet
in breadth. It was blown up by
gunpowder, the charges being fired
by a galvanic battery. The cost of
these blasting operations' was upward
of £16,000. Much, we are told, re
mains to t»e done, but the northern
half ot the rocky area has been tow
ered so as to give a channel of four
teen feet at low water, the other half
having an available depth of eight
feet. Ultimately, as is expected,
there will be a depth throughout of
twenty feet at low water. The cost
of the sundry operations on the Clyde
has, from first to last, in virtue of acts
of Parliament, been borne by l.-vyiug
rates on the tonnage of vessels using
the river. The administration
throughout lias been marked by great
prudence. With some insignificant
failures, whatever has been done has
been doiie well The tbtal expendi
ture of the Clyde Trust from the
year 1770 to June, 1875, amounted
to £6,744.000. *
* * * * * *
At present the minimum depth ot
the navigable channel may be stated
at fifteen feel at low water, at about
twenty-five feet at high water. Ves
sels drawing twenty-three feet three
inehes have within the last three
months come to Glnssgow in one tide
•from Greenock. Ship-building on
the Clyde has dvauccd in a remark
able manner. In 1875 there were
built on it three war vessels, thirteen
paddle and a hundred and thirteen
Ahead of All
U 0. 110B1NS0N
H as jsut returned from a visit
siiooii trtIn- Principiil PIANO and ORGAN
factories in Now York, Boston and other eitits-
nving arranged for p c Largest nod most com,
piete assortment ever offered South, at price*
ABSOLUTELY
BEYOND COMPETITION I
Low Pries Q
q
jL-ALLS.
lusicaE Instruments
OF EVERY variety.
Sheet Music and Music Boots,
TUF. LATEST PUBLICATIONS.
Musical Merchandise,
A:.d everything pertuiuir.g to *
First Class Music House.
TUNINS AND REPAIRING, PIANOS,
Church, Pipe a*d Reed Organ,, and nil kind* ot
Musical Instruments Tuned nud Repaired by
Mr. C. H. Taylor, the beat skilled and one ot
the most thorough workmen South. Mr. Taylor
devoted nearly fifteen years in the construction
of instruments in some of the best factories in
this country, and is the onlv authorized'tuner
for the AUGUSTA MUSIC HOUSE.
G. O ROBINSON & CO.,
Vi5 Broad Street, Augusta, Ga.
oi-tf
THE SOUTHERN MUTUAL INSURANCE
ao:tva::E»aA.ivr'sr,
ATHENS, GEORGIA.
YOUNG l_. O. H A.KRre7W«8l3ent ""
STEVEXS THOMAS, Secretary.
Gross Assets, Apiil 1, 1S<7. • • $<8l,t>AC tl?
Resident Directors.
You no L. G. Harris,
John H. Newton,
Dr. Hksry Hull,
Aldin P. Dkariso,
Col. Robert Tkomah.
iu'22-wly ’
Stevens Thomas,
Lliza L. Newton,
{Ferdinand Phinizv
Dr. It. M. Smith,
John W. Nicholson,
C. AV. LONG.
E. C. LONG.
thus completing the shortest route j by a hundred streams of freestone
from New York lo New Orleans, on
a line crossing that from St. Louis to
Savannah, at right-angles, and here,
for all time to come, we have the
centre of the trade of the whole ot
the ci-uiitry cast of the Mississippi
river.
Nor has this been man’s work, for
in the carving out ot this continent
as a home for a large part of the hit-
hi in race, the Great Designer so ar
ranged the mountain chains that
water, which cut their way through
the parallel bands of harder rocks,
granites and gneisses, affording a
thousand sites for mil’s, as they de
scend 700 feet in seventy miles, or an
average of ten feet of fall to the mile,
and when they pass from the hard
granitic rocks into the sand and
limestones making the famous falls at
which cities have been built, and
great co'.ton factories established,
Columbus alone having 30,000 horse-
ference, there arc, here and there, | country can excel this. In agricnl- j screw steamers. Including other
mines of gold, anil some good pros- | tural products, no want is misapplied,
poets for copper. I While grateful for what we have for
In south Georgia are beds of ex- ourselves, we are willing to have
ccllcnt biihrstone for mill rocks and others come in with us, and share the
inexhaustible beds of marl, which in
some places are genuine greensands,
and contain as high as three per cent
ot potash, in beds from three to
tivcuty feet in thickness.
Muck is found in exhausdess de
posits in the Okefenokce ami other
m rsbes.
Tint alternations of granite, lime
stone, clays uipl sandstones, crossed
frequently hy dikes of eruptive rocks,
whieh in iron and ]>otash, gitre a va
riety and excellence of soil adapted
to every demand, while the difference
ot elevation, ranging from sea level
to nearly a mile above the sea, afford
a great diversity of climate.
The mean temperature of the dif
ferent portions of the State ranges
from 48 to U8 degrees.
St. Mary’s, on the Florida line, is
68 degrees mean annual temperature;
Savannah G6 degrees; Columbus and
Augusta 64 degrees, Athens 60de
grees ; Atlanta 56 degrees; Dalonega
52 degrees ; Hiwnssee 48 degrees.
This diversity of climate : has al
ready turned a tide ot travel from
other Spates for the winter in Savan
nah, Bruswick, St. Mary’s, and Thorn
good things
blessed.
with which we are
GlasgoAV and the Clyde.
A hundred and fifty years ago the
inhabitants of Glasgow, then only a
few thousand in number, resolved on
imptoviiig the Clyde and they have
gone on working at the idea ever since.
It was a shrewd coi.vjnti »n. The city
had great capabilities of advancement.
The neighborhood abounded in iron
and coal. The river opened into a
channel communicating wi*h the west
coast of England and the Atlantic;
and the Atlantic was the highway to
America. There lay the elements to
wealth, and no doubt wealth would
be realized in immeasurable abundance
if the river coulu be rendered naviga
ble. Such was the reasoning of these
Glasgow people. They hardly yet
imagined the possibility of bringing the
sea up to their city. They would es
tablish a port near the salt water, and
carry on traffic by means of lighters.
That was the primary notion, and it
did good service in its day. In process
of time, ns trade and wealth increased,
uowltere along the whole line from power available.
the improving of the river on a grand
asville, and for the summer along the scale, and making Glassgow itselt a
Western and Atlantic Railroad, to port, became a prominent idea in this
Lookout mountain and Catooso and keei -witted and self-reliant coinmu-
llowlaud springs, and on tin Air nity. In short, the tidal winter must
Line to Gainesville, Belton and Toe- he made to flow upward over a space
eoa City, while new hotels at Lula, of fifteen to eighteen miles, to the
kinds of craft, there were built on it
a total of 276 vessels. For the year
ending the 30th of June, 1875, the
revenue of the Clyde Trhst was
£196,326. A survey of the shipping
at the harbor and docks of Glassgow
would communicate a feeling of an
enormous trade with all parts of the
world. The truth is, the rise o
Glassgow is one of the wondeis in
tne modern history of Great Britain—
a greater wonder coesideriug the.
poor and backward states of Scotland
at the Union. From thirty-five
thousand in 1771, the population of
Glassgow has swollen to Haifa mil
lion, and it has become the secund
city ofthe Empire, with apparently
no limit to its wealth and importan
cos. As a centre of manufacturing
industry it has several advantages,
hut all would have been unavailing
without the Clyde and its tnatvclous
improvements.— Chamber's Journal.
C. W. Long 4 &h,
siR-craassTS,
ATHENS, GEORGIA.
We off-.- a large aiul welt selected stock of
Drugs, Medicines,
Paints, Varnishes,
Oils, Anilines, Dyes,
Patent Medicines,
Hair and Tooth Brushes
Perfumery, Lily white
Rouges, Colognes,
Extracts, etc.,
For Sale Very Cheap
FOR CASH,
Either ai Wholesale or Retail.
AVc call yov.r ntttention to our
COLOGNES, BAY RUM, HAIR OIL, ETC
sepll-ly -
MAD&SSr,
General Insurance Agent,
XTo. 5 Broad S-fc-, Athene, Ga ,
Insure* GINS, Dwellings and Merchandise,
in the city or country. Eespcctfnlly solicits u
share of your patronage.
J5t?“Represcuts first class Companies on'.y.
oct 2.1-1 tn
A Very good Reason.—The rea
son why only one sample bottle of
Mkrrell’s Hepatine for the Liver
will be sold to the same person, for ten
cents, by our Druggist, C. W. Long &
Co. is because ot t he enormous ex pense of
importing the Hepatine into this coun
try ; but as there are fifty doses in the
large size bottles, it seems two cents
per dose is cheap enough after all fora
medicine that cures dyspepsia and liv
er complaint. All who have not had
a sample bottle are entitled to one for
ten cts. at C. YV. Long & Co., Drug
store. Thiee doses relieves any case
of dyspepsia, constipation, indigestion
or liver complaint, in the World.
Regular size bottles, fifty doses, $1.00.
C. W. Long & Co.
TO RENT.
A good DWELLING HOUSE, containing
eight rooms, with kiielien and garden, and two
servant's rooms.
Apply to JOHN II. NEWTON,
janl Siwlw.
INVERT ANI> SALE STABLE.
Carriages, Buggies & horses
lor hire. Terms reasonable.
E. M. WHITEHEAD,
Washington, Wilkes county, Ga.
• vSH-IS'S*-
LlWIS'SCLARK,
HATTER,
WHITEHALL STREET, ATLANTA, GA.
Tho latest styles and the best hats always on
hand. jnn4-lm
SSorsos aad Mules.
Will bo hero by the 5th of January, with two
Car loads of horses, and remain for the season
at Gann »fc Reaves’ stable.
dec25-tf. W. S. HOLMAN.