Newspaper Page Text
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TOPICS FOB ■
SOIL TILL! RS
‘ , **.
Agricultural Secretary Nesbitt
Gives Some Advice.
PLAI TO SOLVE OOTTOK PROBLEM
- CemaniMloaer Tell* Farmer* Not to Lay
Schamoa For the Coming Tear on the
Cuppoaltlon of High Friona and a ■hurt
Crop—Sara Matter Should Bo Looked at
From a Purely Buainaas Standpoint.
Department of Agriculture,
Atlanta, Jan. 1, 1898.
Successful farming comprehends more
than the mere planting, cultivating and
gathering the crops. Nor is it the abil
ity to produce a large yield from a small
area. Thia is often done at a heavy loss.
The successful farmer looks into all the
details of his work. He studies the re
quirements of his different crops, that is
the food elements required and the
proper proportions of each. He also
studies his different soils and carefully
notes their elements of fertility. He
ascertains the relations of the p roposed
crops to the stored fertility of the soil.
In selecting his fertilizers he keeps in
mind these three points: The needs of
the crop, the ability of his land to meet
these needs and the elements required
in the fertilizer to supply deficiencies of
needed plant food in the different fields
which he expects to cultivate. These
are questions of as much, perhaps of
greater importance, than the amount of
the crops produced, or their value in the
market, and, unlike the rest, they can
only be decided by experiment and ex
perience. Tn at certain fertilizers should
be used for certain crops, no one at the
present day doubts, but we will gain an
accurate knowledge on these points, not
by an analysis of the soil, nor by ah
analysis of the crop, but by observation
and experiment.
REDUCING THE COTTON AREA.
Times have materially changed in the
last 35 or 50 years for the farmer as well
as for the professional man and for
other men of all trades. The farmers
constitute perhaps the only class which
has not changed with changed condiK
, v tions. Here and there we find among
ttnsma maiL wlu) Jias'risen to the de
mands of the timesTbTrt—as a rule the
great body of farmers are pursu
ing the same beaten track which
their fathers, have always followed, re
gardless of the fact that, from our ex
haustive system of agriculture, the very
structure of our soils even has under
gone a radical change, and that these
soils now require different treatment
from that which they have received in
the past These are times of such fluc
tuating prices and close margins that it
pays the farmer to do his own planning
in these matters, and to use Bis brains
and judgment as to what, where and
how much the shall plant of different
crops, in order to get the best returns
for his investment of time, labor, im
plements, stock and land. The experi
ence of the past few years will dQ much
to throw light on these questions. It
has been proven by repeated efforts that
farmers are not easily organized, they
do not fully appreciate the importance
of united effort for self protection. An
other difficulty in the way of controlling
the area in cotton is the fact that for
generations we have been studying the
habits and peculiarities of this, our
money crop, and it is the one crop which
we know how to grow. It has always
been our money crop, and we hesitate
to engage in experimental work on
other lines.
It seems to us, however, that the so
lution of this muoh discussed problem
is a very simple one, and the plan, If
universally followed, will once and for
all set at rest the question of how much
cotton the touth can afford to raise. The
answer is, as much as she can produce,
after she has provided for full barns and
smokehouses; for plenty of home sup
plies from field, orchard, garden, poul
try yard and dairy—and has thus learned
the oft repeated lesson of living at home
and working on a cash basis, to “pay as
you go, and go as you pay.”
We must adapt ourselves to the
t, changed conditions, which we meet on
every hand, and this cannot be done by
any very sudden or very radical re
forma Over a very large area cotton
must remain the chief money crop. To
abandon its culture and trust to some
other perhaps unfamiliar crop would be
the height of folly, but we must not
load our agricultural ship to the gun
wales with cotton bales and then expect
to escape disaster when unfavorable
conditions arise.
THE USE OF FERTILIZERS.
We have always maintained that the
wonderful power of commercial fertil
izers is but faintly comprehended by
those whose misfortune it has been to
misapply them. A thoughtful man
cannot expect to improve his land with
commercial fertilizers alone. The com
mon practice of drilling in 100 or 200
pounds to the acre on land destitute of
humus is a grave mistake, and has
proven a curse rather than a blessing.
But, when we fill the land with humus,
by turning under vegetable matter, by
careful rotation of crops, by making and
taking proper care of all the home ma
nures possible and by the use of legu
■minous crops, we will find that the
profitable use of commercial fertilizers
will be limited only by the amount of
money We are able to Invest in them.
The intelligent use of the fertilizers en
ables one to plow deep; to plant reno
vating crops; to raise and Improve
stock and keep more of it; to make 100
per cent more of home manures, and to
double the producing capacity of labor,
now our most expensive item. Injudi
cious and careless methods are worse
than useless. Unless intelligent fore
thought marks our plans, the fertilizer
fails to feed either the crop or the land.
Nothing is more dangerous to the crops,
or more depleting to the farmer’s
pocket than heavy amounts of commer
cial fertilizer indiscriminately applied
to worn and exhausted soils.
PLANS FOR THE YEAR.
The farmer should lay his plans for
the year with careful forethought, not
overrating advantages, nor underesti
mating difficulties. Having thus mapped
out his work he is better prepared to
take advantage of every favorable op
portunity to push it forward to comple
tion. Look at the question of
HOW MUCH COTTOX TO PLANT
From a purely business standpoint.
Don’t make your plans on the supposi-
tion of a short crop and high prices—
both of which are subject to a score of
deoidiuff influences, at which we have
I no knowledge, and which are also prao
i tically beyond our control. Con
sider what have been your profits
or losses in the past, and the causes
leading up to such results. Calculate
as to what, with favorable seasons, will
be a fair yield, set aside an ample area
for all provision crops, and then put in
just so muoh cotton as your experience
shows that you oau manage success
fully. Don’t burden yourself with a
cotton crop so heavy that it is a contin
ual menace, not only to your peace of
mind, but to the successful carrying
through of other farm operations.
The importance of
good plowing
cannot be overestimated. The quality
of the laud, situation, environment, all
should exercise a deciding influence as
to the time to plow, the depth to be
broken and the kind of plow to use Ou
ordinary laud the plowing may go on as
long as the we. ther permits, and if a
subeoiler follow each turn plow we are
taking long odds against injury from
drouth next summer. By a subsoiler is
meant not the double turn plow. Which
will throw a quantity of clay to the sur
face, but the long, sharp, strictly sub
soil plow, which breaks the subsoil in
the bottom of the furrow and leaves it
there. In turning stubble, sod, or stiff
land, turn each furrow only partly over.
By this plan the frosts act more directly
upon the vegetable matter and other
elements, and when the subsequent
preparations for planting are completed
this vegetable mould is thoroughly
mixed with the soil, instead of remain
ing in a layer at the bottom of the
furrow.
GATHER AND SAVE HOME MANURES.
When the weather does not permit
the plows to run, the teams cannot be
better employed than in gathering up
all fertilizing materials which have ac
cumulated around yards and barn. If
not convenient to compost, it is better to
haul and spread directly on the land
rather than allow their valuable ele
ments to be wasted by alternate freezing
and thawing, or by the washing of win
ter rains. For many reasons the home
mixing of fertilizers is to be greatly pre
ferred. The expense is reduced; we
know exactly what elements of plant
food we are using; we can regulate the
proportionate amounts of each to suit
the needs of special crops or different
soils, and during the process we are led
to study more carefully the delicate ad
justment of such agricultural truths as
are thus brought under our observation.
R T. Nesbitt,
. Commissioner.
Valut ot LaaVM as Manure.
Question. —In putting leaves in a
stable for bedding, do they add any
thing to the manurial value of the
mass, or are they simply used as an ob
sorbent for the liquid and solid animal
manures ?
Answer.—Lieaves alone possess con
siderable manurial value, as is shown
in the improvement of the crops on
land which has had a heavy coating of
leaves plowed under, and as a bedding
for stable purposes they are not ex
celled. They not only add their own
elements of fertility to the manure, but
hold its valuable constituents, prevent
ing their escape, and enabling the
farmer to save them to apply to his
crops. Nothing pays better than to use
the teams on wet days, when other farm
work is interrupted, to haul up a plen
tiful supply of leaves. On farms where
this is the rule throughout the year, we
hoar little complaint of poor crops and
high priced fertilizers. Successful farm
ing depends more on good management
and care in such small items as this,
than <ffi planting large areas. A small
farm made rich with all the home ma
nures, which can be saved, supple
menetd with commercial fertilizers and
leguminous crops, will not only be more
satisfactory, but will bring in more ac
tual cash than a large one cultivated
on the plan of taking off more from
the land than we return to it. After
a while the annual decrease in fertility
will become painfully apparent and
then the farmer has either to slowly
and painfully retrace his steps and re
turn to his land the elements of which
he has robbed it, or the money lender
comes in to gradually absorb land,
house, home—everything.—State Ag
ricultural Department.
Leaving Manure In Stable.
Question.—l am situated so that it
will be very inconvenient for me to
either haul out the manure from my
stables or compost it Will it injure my
stock to allow it to remain in the stables
for a month or two, provided I am very
careful to keep plenty of dry bedding?
If this plan is practicable I will avoid
one handling, and of course that much
trouble and expense.
Answer.—While our experience has
been that it is much better to haul the
manure directly to the field or to com
post it, not allowing it to accumulate
in the stables, the plan you suggest has
some advantage, and if you are careful
to keep a bountiful supply of good bed
ding your animals will not be materially
injured. ,
By your plan, as you suggest, you
will save one handling, You will also
save all the liquid manure. You will
make muoh more manure, because you
will be compelled to use a much larger
amount of bedding. You will also pre
serve the manure in good condition and
when yon are ready to haul it out,
which ought to be done long enough
before planting time to get the manure
thoroughly incorporated into the soil,
you will find that its chemical proper
ties have been well conserved and that
its mechanical condition is such that
the spring rains will soon wash its
strength into the soil. A good plan be
fore beginning to haul is to take a sharp
spade, or other suitable implement, and
out the manure into blocks of conven
ient size to han'dle. This will be found
to greatly expedite the moving and
hauling of the heavy mass—State Ag
ricultural Department.
- ENGLISH LAWYERS.
The Small Fee* That Are teceived by the
London Ba er > ten.
A barrister’s fees are « nail, and they
are always paid in ad ance, and the
•mm is recorded under P e title of the*
brief. A friend who has a large practice
showed me his feebook yesterday. The
largest item was 88 guineas, which is
less than S2OO. The average was about
850. Fees are regulated by the benchers
of the inn according to the service per
formed, and no contingent fees are al
lowed. A barrister may accept a case
for nothing or return the fee in cases of
charity, but he cannot without violat
ing his oath, directly or indirectly, ac
cept any greater compensation for a
legal service than is allowed in the
regular schedule fixed by the benchers
of his inn. If he does so, he is debarred
from practice.
It is a common custom in America
for a lawyer to undertake a suit for the
recovery of damages or a claim of any
kind with a contract that he shall re
ceive a certain percentage of the amount
of money recovered. In England such
an act would be considered disreputa
ble, and any barrister found guilty
would be expelled from his inn. The
fees are regulated by the amount of
time and labor required, and not by the
amount of money involved. A barrister
may receive a fee of <250 in a case in
volving only 8500, and he may receive
a fee of $25 in a case involving $1,000,-
000.
All legal business originates with so
licitors. They bring to the barrister’s
office a case all prepared after certain
forms and written in manuscript The
British courts do not permit typewrit
ing. The solicitor requests the barrister
to undertake the case, and the fee is
marked plainly upon the brief. If the
barrister does not care to undertake the
labor for the amount of money allowed
or for any other reason, he advises the
solicitor to go elsewhere. If he accepts
the responsibility, the solicitor leaves
the amount of the fee in coin with the
brief, so that the barrister has his pay
in advance. This is the almost invaria
ble custom. The only exceptions are in
cases of close friendship between the
solicitors and barristers and where there
is a large amount of litigation in
which both are involved. Then it is
customary for the barrister to make up
his bill at the end of the month or the
end of the quarter, but the fee in each
case must nevertheless be written upon
the brief and recorded in the books of
the court
It is customary, also, for the solicitor
to leave a fee for the barrister’s clerk
at the same time, which must be a cer
tain percentage of that paid to the bar
rister When you dine at a hotel or a
restaurant in England, it is customary
to tip the waiter an amount equal to 5
per cent of your bill for the same rea
son. The waiter receives no compensa
tion from his employer, nor does the
barrister’s clerk. His pay comes entire
ly from the clients, and if*his princi
pal has no clients he gets no pay. On
the other hand, if his principal has a
very large and profitable practice his
fees are enormous. They say that the
clerk of Sii Charles Russell lives in a
handsome Villa down in the suburbs, is
driven to and from his office in a brough
am and hires a box at the opera for the
season.—Chicago Record.
No Morp of It For Him.
He entered the shop of a fashionable
bootmaker, a look of determination on
his face. It was such a look as oner sees
on the face of a man who is firmly re
solved to carry out, at all hazards, a de
cision which will change the whole
course of his life.
“H’m!” he began as the assistant
stepped forward and politely questioned
him as to his requirements in feet
beautifiers. “I want a pair of shoes for
my wife, Mrs. Brown.”
“Yes, sir, certainly,” said the young
man briskly. “Sarno style and size as
last week?”
‘ ‘Same style. Size, fives—wide fives, ”
replied Brown decidedly.
“But—er—excuse me. Mrs. Brown
only takes—that is, she usually has
8%,” exclaimed the assistant, who
knew the lady well.
“Are you married, young man?”
queried Brown sternly, the look of de
termination deepening on his careworn
features.
“Er—not yet, sir,”, answered the
shopman, blushing.
“I thought not” returned Brown,
"lam! I am not going to suffer half
an hour’s purgatory every morning,
watching a woman trying to squeeze a
bushel of feet into a peck of boots. I’ve
stood it long enough, and I’m going to
take her a pair that will fit ”—Fear
son’s Weekly.
Making Things Clear.
An old Peebles worthy and an Eng
lish lady were one day recently occu
pants of a railway carriage in an Edin
burgh bound train. The train had been
waiting long at a certain station, and
there was no appearance of its starting,
when the worthy remarked, "They’re a
gey taiglesome lot here.”
"I beg your pardon,” said the lady.
. “I’m sayin they’re an awfu’ daidlin
squad here,” said the old fellow.
"I really beg your pardon, sir,” she
rejoined.
"I’m remarkin they’re a vera dreich
lot here the nlcht, w the old gentleman
further ventured.
"Really, I must again beg your par
don,” said the lady, with marked em
barrassment, "but I do not comprehend
you. ” J
"I was just trying to say the train
was late,” he finally blurted. .
"Indeed, sir, it is very late,” agreed
the lady.
And the conversation collapsed.—
Dundee News.
11 ■■ 1 /
Good Looks Go a Great Way.
‘ ‘Miss Highsee is a beautiful singer,
isn’t she?”-
"Very. That was what made her
singing so endurable.”—Washington
Times. /'
H ICELAND PONIES, **
They Are Doeila and Marvel* of Strength
and Lur'araaon.
If the camel is the ship of the desert, the
Iceland pony is the cab, train, omnibus
and tram car of the wonderful country to
which be belong*. To begin with, he Is a
misnomer. Ho is not a pony in the ordi
nary sense of the word. He is a hone in
bone and sinew, In strength snd endur
ance, in manner* and deportment— * hone
in everything, in fact, except inches, and
a sober, steady, hardworking horse too.
He 1* a very “multum in parvo,” a “oen
oentrated essence” of horseflesh. He can
swim like a fish, climb like a goat and
jump like a deer. He sticks at nothing
and takes every variety of travel—bog,
lava bed, sand, bowlders and grass mounds
—with undisturbed equanimity. If he
has to ford one or two rivers, with strong
currents flowing girth deep, it is all 1..
the day's work. Only give him time and
periodical halts for refreshment and he
will do his 50 miles per day and thrive nit
on it
Iceland ponies are bred in hundreds in
the largo grass plains in the southern dis
tricts of the island. Little or no care is
taken in selection, so the breed remain*
unaltered and unimproved, the average
pony standing from 11J4 to 12hands,
though here and there one will reach to
nearly 18 hands. Every variety of color is
•sen, but skewbalds of many shades are
the commonest. The chestnuts, as a rule,
are the finest and tho browns the hardiest.
Beautiful cream colon, with light points,
are not infrequent. Black is very rare,
and roan also. Their paces are fast, con
sidering the size of the animal, a journey
of 32 miles being often done in six hours
or less, with heavy baggage. They trot,
canter and gallop, but the pace most es
teemed by the natives is the amble or
“skeid,” in which the fore and hind legs
on a side are advanced simultaneously,
giving a running action, very smooth to
the rider. A good pacer is considered very
valuable and often sold for a high price.
Some of these ponies amble so fast that
they keep ahead of another going at a hand
gallop, and they maintain the pace for a
day’s journey under h weight of 11 to 14
stone. Iceland ponies are steady and fast
In harness, though wheels are a compara
tively new departure in their country.
They travel mostly in strings, often tied
head and tail. Hay, baggage and house
hold goods are thus transported, and
building materials also. You meet a“tim
bur lestur, ” or timber team, of from eight
to ten ponies, one carrying planks trailing
on each side, another strips of iron, an
other bundles of tools; a certain number
of spare animals running loose, and not
Infrequently a foal or two.
It is as rare to see a dead Iceland pony
as a dead donkey, though their skulls are
often visible, half trodden into the miry
ways surrounding the farms. The pony
begins'work at 6 or 7 years—hard work,
that is to say. He is early apprenticed to
his trade by following his mother at her
avocations and when he is footsore is
strapped upon her back. He works well
up to 20 years and over and often remains
fairly sound to a ripe old age. He feeds
on the fat of the land in summer, and in
winter, if his owner is poor, must live on
his wits and his stored condition. Farm
ers who are fairly well off keep their ani
mals In during winter and feed them on
hay, but notwithstanding many of the
ponies have a bard time of it. The Ice
landers, however, keep their steeds as well
as their means allow and treat them alto
gether in a brotherly fashion, and the 8.
P. C. A. would seldom find scope for Its
activity, except, possibly, in the improve
ment of bitting and gearing. Taking it
all around, the Iceland pony is certainly
not lees happy—very often far happier—
than his bigger brothers in the south, and
his endurance, placidity and docility make
him a favorite in other lands besides his
own, while fitting him for his home du
ties in a manner which could not be sur
passed and must be tested to be fully un
derstood.—London Globe.
How He Got a Divorce.
Here is a Judge Gary story: It was a
bigamy case, and the accused man, afaer
living two years with the second woman,
had agreed to plead guilty. But this was
only after he had secured solemn assur
ance from the state attorney that his
consequent sentence would absolutely di
vorce him from wife No. 2. He wished it
understood that he was willing to suffer a
term in the penitentiary if on release that
superfluous woman, whom he had taken
as a result of great misapprehension,
would have no possible claim upon him.
So he went into court.
“ You fully understand what the plea of
guilty means, do you?” asked Judge Gary,
regarding the devoted man with great
kindness.
“Yes, your honor
“It will be my duv/ tn that case to sen
tence you to the penitentiary. You un
derstand that?”
“Yes, your honor, Anything to get
free.”
Judge Gary seemed to be writing a mo
ment, and then he said grimly and with
out looking up: “I suppose there are some
things beside which prison would be a re
lief. Any relative or friend of the defend
ant in court?”
A solitary woman stood up in the
benches and said in a rasping, nerve shat
tering voice:
“I’m his second wife, judge.”
The man of law looked at her without
lifting his head or suspending his pretend
ed writing. Then he said in his usual
searching tone: “Some things beside
which prison would be a relief. You ought
to be willing to take three years.” The
prisoner nodded cheerfully. “Then I will
give you one year; You seem to have had
the other two before they arrested you. ”
Chicago Post.
The Campaign “Orator.”
One of the saddest things about a cam
paign is the fact that a great many men
who haven’t sense enough to pound sand
go about making wild and incoherent
speeches for Tom, Dick and Harry. Gen
erally they are gentlemen who are out of
work and who couldn’t earn 00 cents a
month at honest toil, yet they have no hes
itation whatever in telling the people how
to run the municipal machine without
losing money on it Their speeches are
poor, baiting, stammering effort* that
make reasonable men sigh and moan, but
the gifted gentlemen are totally uncon
scious of this, for they continue to whoop
it up for their chosen candidate, just as
though they were making the hit of their
lives. Before the campaign is at an end
they accumulate such a gall that they
oom* to imagine themselves gifted orator*
upon whom the mantle of Henry Clay ha*
settled for keeps, and whenever they go
out to take a walk they think that every
body along the street is pointing the finger
of admiration at them. The fact is the av
erage man has no business trying to make
a speech. Such seldom fail to make sick
ening spectacles of themselves whenever I
they attempt it.—New York Telegram. |
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NEW SfORK. H Oaitoria i« put la bottle* cmly. Il
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EXACT COPY OF WRAPPea. ■ /'#• ,
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—GET YOUR
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Itari FSiFimr
♦ ♦ ♦ - ‘'S?
Schedule in Effect Dec. 12, 1897.
"W0.4~ NO. IX Mo. 8 No.T~ir. ll jte/r
Dally. Daily. Daily. *tatiows. _____ D * >ly ' DlUiy ' P<Uy '
TyOpm 405 pm 7Mam Lv At1anta..........^-...Ar 785V** 11 Maa* I***?
Sfapm 4 45pm SMamLvJonesboroAr SMpm MMam
• 15pm RMpS »oTsbi ££ll Griffin Ar SUpm »sj*m •»“
• 45pm •AOpm •40«mrArLL7. Barnesville Lv Cttpm *lß*ol *47am
- t7 40pm tl2p6pm Ar... - Thomaston. Lv t*Mpm ««am - Wa _
10 1; pm 888 pm 10 Mam Ar ForsythLv *l4 pm 810 am
1110 pm 730 pm 1110 am ArMacon ...Lv 415 pm 800 am
1111*0 8 10pm Moßpm ArGordon...Lv BWpm TMam 8 Warn
+BSO pm fl Upm ArMilledgeville.Lv MM*m
180 am K 117 pm Ar .T®SSKu.....-Lv IM pm ,ifiS
• Uam IfepnAr MillenLvllMam
«® am flss pm Ar Anguata Lv BMam
800 am 800 pm Ar azvasnS I»v 845 am '’“P*
•Daily, fexcept Sunday.
Train for Newnan. QanoHton and Cedartown leaves Griffin «•.’!»»<
dally except Sunday. «eturnin<, arrive* in Griffin 680 p re. and 18 40 p m daily exoagt
Sunday. For further Information apply to