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CHRONOLOGY
Champlain.
1603—Salle up St. Lawrence' be
yond Montreal.
1608— Founds Quebec.
1609 Discovers Lake Champlain.
1615—Discovers Lakes Huron
and Ontario.
1628 War between France and
England.
1629 Quebec surrenders to Eng
lish fleet; later returned
to France.
1659 —Explorations of Radisson
and Grosellllers resulting
In Hudson Bay com
pany's charter.
Brule.
1608 —-Servant to Champlain at
Quebec.
1610— —Lives among Ilurons,
visits Lakes Huron and
Superior.
1615 Precedes Champlain ncross
Lake Ontario; travels
south to Chesapeake bay.
1632—Rut to death by Ilurons.
By JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN
11 '*l ISCOVEItV WEEK, cele-
Dbruted this summer at
Sault Ste. Marie, brought
belated honors to t lie mom
, ory of Etienne Brule and
tJI Ttl >' IVCOg 11111 011 Of Ills
claim to fame as the first
white man to see the
Great Lakes, discovery of
which has been credited to Samuel de
Champlain.
Con. Sir Arthur Currie, commander
of tin* Canadian army in France dur
ing the World war, unveiled a memo
rial cairn to Etienne Brule and Gre
aolle, his companion, whose first name
is unknown, the coureurs de hois who
found the Sault and discovered Lake
Superior .'{(H) years ago.
Moreover, tiie Indians gave n png
emit portraying Longfellow’s “Ilia-i
wittha" and the pageant identified
ftrule and Crenelle as the first white
wen to arrive in the Sault country,
although in the poem the white men
are not named.
The Indians of the Garden River re
aerve, on the banks of the historic St.
Mary’s river, live In the very heart
*f the Hiawatha country. The Indians
art' descendants -of those whom the
first white man found living along the
famous rapids which give the city Its
name.
I’uwlting (or Bownting) was the old I
name for the Indian village which ex
isted there when Brule and Grenolle
end their Immediate successors came.
It was only in IPO," that the Indian vil
lage on Whitetish island, in the St.
Mary’s rapids, within tho city limits,
•as abandoned, due to the onward
starch of civilization which decreed
the construction of additional great
kicks anti power houses.
It was a colorful pageant and fol
lowed strictly the famous poem, with
the exception of the Identification of
the first white men as Hrule and Gre
soile. Miss Waubonosa, the Minne
haha of the pageant, is an Indian girl
of exceedingly attractive appearance.
The leading role of Hiawatha was
hi ken by a young Ojibway named
fhueh He is twenty-one years old and
comes of a very good old Indian fam
ily. He hits the looks ami the figure
for the part.
There is no portrait of Brule extant
and there is no record of any kind in
his writing. But there are abundant
references to him. Indications are
that lie was uneducated, impatient of
discipline, neglectful of Ids religious
duties and that he lived among the
Indians its one of them.
The French priests refer >o him its
"Hrule the interpreter;" so does Park
man in bis "Pioneers of France in tbe
N< *w World”; the historian praises
feint as the "pioneer of pioneers." but
aevertheless credits Champlain with
CAPM7&or qzz&jFc?'/gx? ... j
the discovery of Lake Huron in 1015.
Champlain usually speaks of Brule’s
services as those of "one of my young
men.” Nevertheless, his third work,
which covers the period 1015-19, con
tains Brule’s narrative of his travels
among the savages south to Chesa
peake hay and in his writings about
1632 there is a passage which states
that Brule was “fort vicieu & adonne
aux femmes.” He also says that “it
was a had example to send persons of
such lmd morals as the interpreter
Brule among the Indians. . . . Such
characters ought to have been severely
chastised.”
Samuel de Champlain was the ruling
spirit and prominent figure in French
exploration and colonization in the
New World from 1003 to 1035. As ge
ographer of the king, under Sieur de
| Monts, he explored the Atlantic coast
I south to Massachusetts bay at a time
j when there was no settlement between
I Newfoundland and Mexico. Then on
j ids third expedition lie founded Quebec
(1008). It was the dream of France
to discover anew passage by water to.
Asia and the “wealth of Ormus and
Ind."
So Champlain was a keen explorer.
In 1809 he discovered and gave ids
name to Lake Champlain. In 1015 he
Induced the Ilurons to take him to
Lake Huron; in return he agreed to
head an expedition against the Iro
quois Confederacy in central New
York. The Ilurons took him to Geor
gian bay. Thereupon Champlain and
the Indians set out on their raid.
They crossed Lake Ontario just where
il empties into the St. Lawrence; two
onjectural routes are shown by the
dotted lines In the map. Champlain
fought an indecisive battle with the
Iroquois at Oneida lake and was
wounded. He withdrew his forces and
arrived at Quebec after an absence of
nearly a year. 'Then lie left on a visit
to France.
Brule, it appears, was born In 1592
and at sixteen went as a servant with
Champlain to Quebec. He left Cham
plain in 1010 to live with the Hurons.
It was during this time that It is be
lieved that he was taken by the In
dians to Lake Huron over the route
followed by Champlain in 1615 —the
tribal thoroughfare up the Ottawa,
across Lake Nipisslng and down the
French river.
Anyway, tlic Recollet Friar Sngard
made record of the fact that Rrule
told him of vast mines of native cap
per known to the Indians. Father
Sngard also wrote:
“The interpreter Rrule with some
savages assured us that beyond the
fresh son [I ,ake Huron] there is an
other large lake which empties into
this one by a waterfall named the Sant
do Gaston, being nearly two leagues
wide, which lake with the fresh sea
continues about thirty days' journey
by canoe, according to the statement
of the savages, and of the interpreter
-100 leagues in length."
This is strong evidence that Brule
had been to Lake Superior and to St.
Mary's rapids, to whicii he had given
the name of the brother of the French
j king.
Brule came out from among the
llurons to go with Champlain on the
1(515 expedition as interpreter. At
Georgian bay Brule was commissioned
THE DANIELSVILLE MONITOR, DANIELSVILLE, GEORGIA.
LAKE
Ontario W'
<-&4&PZ4t?ryrozrtK. s<s/s-
by Champlain to accompany a Huron
advance party bound foi the sources
of the Susquehanna to secure aid from
the tribes there in the raid on the
Iroquois. He preceded Champlain over
the Lake Ontario route and returned
with the Indian allies to Oneida lake.
He arrived too late for the battle,
found the Hurons in retreat and re
turned home with his allies, to follow
the Susquehanna to its mouth at
Havre de Grace on Chesapeake bay.
So presumably Brule was the first
white man to see Lake Ontario and to
travel overland to Chesapeake.
Father Sagard wrote the details of
Brule’s return from the Indians of the
Susquehanna. He was captured by
the Iroquois. In stripping him for the
stake they seized upon his Agnus Dei.
“If you touch it,” he warned them,
“you aud all your tribe will die.”
Just then a thunderstorm threat
ened. Brule pointed to the black
clouds as a sign of the anger of ids
God. The Iroquois fled, hut returned
to pay him high honor and set him
on his way home.
In the meantime Quebec had fallen
into dire straits. The French had dis
patched a supply squadron in 1028,
which had been captured by Admiral
Kirk, and an English fleet. Kirk had
then demanded the surrender of Que
bec, which Champlain had refused.
In 1029 Kirk returned and a -French
pilot guided three ships up the river to
Quebec, which promptly surrendered.
That pilot was Brule. He was exe
crated as a traitor by some, but had
ills apologists, inasmuch as the Quebec
garrison had been reduced to 10 men
and the women and children were
grubbing for roots.
Nevertheless Brule, when the treaty
of 1032 gave Quebec hack to France,
left and went hack to live with the
Hurons.
The French fathers bring the story
of Etienne Brule to a close by record
ing that a few months later the Hu
rons, after a sudden and mysterious
quarrel, had killed and eaten him.
Now. the Hurons were not cannibals
i What really took place, probably, was
that Jhe Hurons put him to death fpr
some offense against the tribe and at
1 his heart—that they might secure foi
themselves his courage
iof leadership. That was their custom
when they tortured to death a ir.ai
with a great heart. And surely Etlearn
> Brule was that.
ffSfJe
*
if Properly Built It Is Good In
' vestment for Farm.
CARE OF STOCK IS IMPORTANT
Dairy Barn Cannot Be Genuinely
Useful Unless Planned With Ref
erence to Requirements of
Each Farmer's Herd.
By WILLIAM A. RADFORD
Mr. William A. Radford will * answer,
Huestions and give advice FREE OF
COST on all subjects pertaining to the
subject of building .work on thd farm, tw
the readers of this paper. On account of
his wide experience as Editor, Author and
Manufacturer, he is, without • doubt, the
highest authority on all these subjects.
Address all inquiries to William A. Rad
ford, No. 1827 Prairie avenue, Chicago,
111., and only inclose two-cent stamp for
reply.
A modern dairy barn with its silo
and yard demands fully as careful
planning as the farm house and its
attendant buildings. Just as the
farm house must serve its occupants
the whole year through, so does the
dairy barn serve the herd day by day,
for even in- summer its care adds to,
the ever-present chores.
A dairy barn cannot he bought like
so many yards of gingham or like
the lumber for a fence. It must be
carefully planned with the require
ments of the h.erd in view, likewise
for the cutting down, of unnecessary
labor. All the modern developments
in sanitation, which mean so much to
the farmer in the profitable produc
tion and sale of dairy products, must
he cons: lered and followed- to the best
of the builder’s ability, * -Light is
equally :.s important as cleanliness,
and proper ventilation and drainage
not only ease up the work but keep
the herd in a condition which re
moves any particular worry- over
sickly or unhealthy cows.
Of course, stalls, mangers, gutters,
alleys and pens are noVvadays stand
ardized units which can be 'installed
In any barn, regardless -of its style
and size. But our object is the plan-
AoftSilo J (total ~J
Jj J a | T
| - LiTTEt^Aieev — jy.- T"P\ —
J | i pFTftaaiEi i y
T Feed Aim i— 3
~trrrai ~
7 m m m nJ it
Floor Plan.
fling of a particular barn as a whole,
like the one illustrated.
This one was carefully located with
reference to the other buildings of the
farm. It was placed a distance of 200
feet from the house, and in a direction
which sheltered it from the direct blow
of hot summer winds.. This left the
open yard running across the south
and east angle, with the barn’s long
axis north and south. By this means
sunlight was inveigled into the stalls
as much as possible.
The ceiling height is feet, and
he well-proportioned gambrel roof
rives line hay storage space above,
flie width of the main structure is 36
eet ; tlie length, over all, is 94 feet,
nd two rows of stalls run-lengthwise
f the barn. Asa general rule it wilt
f fnuml that the width of a dairy barn
s best kept between 32 and 38 feet.
This width makes the
expense than it otherwise
the storage:of-hay becomes m?*!, be '
lsfactory and the Ugl,, i, ™, ,V f
the. ImM* to-a , rt .t „ ®
cbursa the objebtton to width do*. 1
apply to length. This latter dll?
sion can be made to fit the herd r
quirements, and the barn even carrS
■around in.an Lor U shape, to glv „
more sheltered yard. B
Observe that the cows face a cen
tral feed alley, equipped with steeled
Her tracks. This gives entrance hi
two doors, and lessens the danger of
crowding in and out, there i s better
light for milking, the gutters get the
sanitation value of sunlight, and the
ventilating system does not present
any ' particular problem in order to
function satisfactorily. The litter
alleys have steel carrier tracks which
make this part of the chores some
thing taken care of easily and with
dispatch.
The stalls are 3 feet 6 inches wide
the length of stall platform from curb
to gutter is 4 feet 8 inches. The man,
gers can be of metal, wood or con
crete, and of a style, width and height
w-hich discourage bossy from snouting
too much feed into the alley. The
drinking troughs each serve two cows.
Adjoining are cow pen, bull pen and
calf pens. The latter are necessary at
calving time, and might serve with the
cow pen as a hospital when cows are
sick. Or, bossy may be segregated for
the purpose of testing on milk and
butter yield over a certain period. The
floor, is of concrete, with wood block or
cork brick’ standing platform. Drains
serve the bottom of eacn manger and
gutter, leading out to a concrete
manure receiving pit.
An Ancient Art.
The implements and methods of fish
ing have hardly changed since the
earliest times. In the Jays of Pharaoh,
the fishermen on the Nile used nets
fastened on the end of long Y-shaped
poles —not unlike the modern landing
net. Paintings on Egyptian tomb3
show fishermen at work using drag
nets, hooks and lines and also bronze
• harpobns. The Old Testament speaks
familiarly, of fish hooks. Deep-sea fish
ermen are the product of medieval
times. They were rough, primitive
and superstitious. They fished in ad
vance of traders, “skirmished ahead
of the church,” naming islands, rocks
and shoals. Still these fishermen de
pended on nets just as men had thou
sands of years before. Even today, the
.men. who put out of Gloucester sti
use implements almost identical to
those used by primitive man.— The
Mentor.
Birth of Oil Industry.
The oil industry had its birth In t *
United States about 1858, when cru e
oil was analyzed and a well v*a
drilled at Titusville, Pa. Brt the n
dians, and the races before tie ,
knew crude oil. Thousands of >ea
before Christ, Babylonian and L l3
dean masons used it in send-' Q UI
form for cementing tine bricks of < ie
towering walls, and it was use<
building the pyramids. Herodotus 111
lions a well from which three
stances, asphalt, salt and oil, e
pumped. Oil from natural springs
Sicily was used In lamps in the - e
pie of Jupiter at Rome, nm
wealthy illuminated their homes '
it.' The ancient Chinese and the i
sians used it for light and liea ’ ‘
it enters into the preservatives "
Egyptian embalmers.
Prayer of the Tree
Upon a tree in Portugal a tra
read this appeal: Ye who pass . •
would raise your hand aga
harken ere you harm me. 1 "
heat of your hearth on the coid ' .
nights; the friendly shade ' my
you from the summer sun. •
fruits are refreshing drait- i ■■
lug your thirst as you jourr _ e
am the beam that holds .' i |>u
the board of your table, the •
lie on, the timber that hu ' •
boat. I am the handle of
your door, the wood of your
coffin.
The,Rainbow Touch.
“Her language is all the eoi
rainbow,” said* a landing
lodger.