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The first general engagement In the West, sometimes known as the bhattle
of Moonn-Charlerol, started August 20 and resulted In the defeat of the French
and British. They retreated south of the Marne, where the second general en
gagement started September 5. The lne of this dute on the map shows the
armien’ positions just before the battle,
The German right wing was broken up and forced back, bringing about
a retirement of the whole line. The German positions on September 0, In the
midst of their retreat, are shown on the map by a serles of light pectangles,
while n row of darkened rectangles Indicates the curefully prepgred trench
'b‘:' of the Alsne where they stopped and were attacked by the allles Septem~
r 13
Both sldes now extended thelr lines toward the coast. Light squares
show the approximate position assumed September 30, Hy October i 3 the
slege line was complete from the Alps to the sea,
The line of September 30 also shows the Germans' great drive Into the
French llne across the Meuse at St. Mihiel,
Crossed swords mark the spots of the entrenched slege line where the
greatest struggles have taken place since October 15,
The first month and a half of the
western campalgn was made up of
startling, swift moves. On September
12, after the defeat on the Marne, the
Germans took up defensive positions
along the Aisne river. The ten and a
half months since then have seen a
long deadlock.
The battle line of the Aisne and the
Olse quickly extended ncrtheast to the
sen. lighting has been continuous,
with tremendous losses. The general
situation has remalned unchanged,
gains of a few miles for one side at
one point offset by minor gains for
the enemy in other sectors.
At the beginning of August the
kalser took possession of the little
state of Luxemburg and demanded
passage through Belglum to the Fran
oo-Belgian frontier.
Permission to pass denied, Von
Binem attacked Liege (August 4),
while other German armies passed
around the city and swept over the
level Belgian roads at & terrific rate.
‘The little Belgian \% ylelded Brus
zflmm back 4 Aan anc
z First Big Engagement.
! Not unfil the Germans had almost
reached the French border did the
first important engagement take place
This {8 generally known as the battle
of Mons-Charlerol (about August 20-
28), but at the same time there was
severe fighting along the whole line
through Thionville in Lorraine and
along the Vosges In upper Alsace,
which the French had invaded with
temporary success.
This battle resulted in defeat for the
French and English,
While obtaining some successes in !
counter-attacks on the advancing Ger
mans at Peronne and at Gulse, the
French were obliged to fall back rap
idly to the line of the River Marne.
On the left the Krench had with
drawn to below Parls and the western
most German army, under Von Kluck,
followed,
The garrison of Paris was put in
thousands of motor cars and hurled on
Von Kluck's flank. The latter was not
taken entirely unawares and met the
attack strongly, but at the same time
the army of General Foch attacked the
German army on Von Kluck's left and
drove it back.
Driven Back From Paris.
The Germans had begun the battle
with five armies in line. The with
drawal of the two farthest west now
oaused the retreat of the third, fourth
and fifth in that order, each in turn
finding Its flank exposed by the with
drawal of the troops on its right, At
the same time the movement on the
east end of the German line was ac
oelerated by a strong attack from the
French fortified zone of Verdun.
The German retreat was as orderly
a 8 that of the French and English had
been. The invaders took up an ad ‘
mirable defensive position, It ran
just north of the Alsne river, on a
series of bluffs, then just unorth of
Chalons and through the wooded,
rough regions of the Argonne and the
Woevre, joining hands here with the
troops besleging Verdun The allies
have tried this line in vailn ever siuce.
Both combatants now tried to turn
the west flank. Enormous bodies of
cavalry. On the part of the I‘rench
Flanders. On the part of the French
there was largely the desire to link up
with the Belgians, now belug attacked
in Aotwerp. The mighty siege guns
of the Germans made short work of
the Belglan seaport, however, and it
foll on October 9. 'The remnants of
the Belglan army retreated along the
soa coast and the Germans in a final
rush reached Ostend (October 15).
. Line Extended to the Sea.
The battle line of the Alsne was now
extended to the sea, the Germans hold
ing the important French city of Lille,
while the allies kept Ypres in Belgium
and, partly by flooding the lowlands,
held the position of the Yser river and
canal
From October 16 to November 10
whs fought the desperate first battle
’of Ypres, when the Germans suffered
enormous losses in attempts to break
through the line in Flanders and reach
Calais. They succeeded in pushing
back the allies only a little and the
invasion of Silesia by the Cossacks
finally induced them to desist and
send re-enforcements to Russia.
~ The Germans in September had per
formed the feat of pushing a salient
into the French line south of Verdun,
which terminated on the west bank of
the Meus"rlver at St. Mihiel; while
the French had taken the offensive
with some success in Champagne at
about the same time,
For the most part throughout the
winter the fighting consisted of regu
lar siege warfare, with heavy artillery
combats and mine and counter-mine.
The flooding of the River Alsne
from winter snows gave the Germans
a chance to entrap the French troops
on the north side of that river in the
vicinity of Soissons for a considerable
distance and kil! or capture most of
them (January 14).
Take Offensive in Spring.
With the spring, the French and
English attempted to take the offensive
at seve k) oints. Always preparing
e th tens or hundreds of thou-
Ahiinds 0 e, theyhtried otnt ETier
Joint ofgi‘",mfl armor, ol
In the Vosges the dominating height
of Hartmannsweilerkopf was taken
and retaken several times in sanguin
ary charges and finally remained in the
hands of the French.
The sallent of St. Mihiel was also
subjected to tremendous French pres
sure on both “legs.” The French sue
ceeded in gaining a little ground, but
the Germans, despite the apparent
weakness of the sharp wedge they had
driven into the French line, could not
be dislodged and later succeeded in re
gaining some of the territory they had
lost.
The British also reported “victories”
at Neuve Chapelle and Hill No. 60, in
Flanders. Whether these should be
accounted successes for the allles is
doubtful. The British suffered enor
mous losses and at Neuve Chapelle
bungled affairs to the extent of shell
ing their own men who had taken Ger
man trenches. In other cases they
left gallant little parties lodged in
enemy's trenches without supportg to
be annihilated. :
The next development was the un
expected use of poisonous gas fumes
by the Germans in attacks just north
of Ypres. With this novel weapon
they succeeded in taking several small
villages and more than compensating
for the British gains south of Ypres.
The losses of the French, Canadians
and British were severe, but they suc
ceeded in stemming the German on
slaught effectively a few miles back
from their former position,
Begin Series of Attacks,
The German line makes a sallent at
Solssons, though not such a pro
nounced one as at St. Mihiel. The
French now began a series of at
tacks on the upper side of this salient,
to the north of Arras. Expending hun
dreds of thousands of shells, they time
and again blasted away the barbed
wire entanglements and concrete
trenches, held by Crown Prince Rup
precht of Bavaria's men, and then
charged across the desolate ground for
slight galns,
The fighting centered about the su
gar refinery of Souchez and the great
German work called the Labyrinth
Fighting went on in cellars and tun
nels below the earth and the casual
ties were heavy. The French bent the
German line and captured the Laby
rinth, but whether the gains justified
their sacrifice in human life Is ques
tionable,
In July, Crown Prince Frederick
Willlam's army attacked in the Ar
gonne forest, west of Verdun, and
succeeded In gaining several hundred
yards of shattered woodland and cap
turfng several thousand Frenchmen.
There were rumors that the Ger
mans were reenforeing for another
great drive toward Calals or Paris,
but the Teutonie campaign in the
West continued to wait upon the
crushing of the much weaker enemy
in Poland,
CHARLTON COUNTY HERALD, FOLKSTON, GEORGIA.
' FIRST YEAR OF THE
E WAR ON THE SEA
: At the end of the first year
: of war not a German fighting
) craft, except submarines, is
known to be at large outside
) the Baltic sea. The Austrian
warships are confined to the up
: per Adriatic and the Turkish
, fleet to the Sea of Marmora
: and adjacent straits. The mer
) chant marine of the central
: European powers has disap
) peared utterly from the ocean
:highways. Sixty million dol
) lars’ worth of German shipping
lies idle in the docks of New
) York, while several times as
: much is bottled up elsewhere.
: At the same time the German
) submarines have inflicted enor
: mous logses of allied shipping.
While both sides have prob
ably concealed many losses,
the following is a fairly accu
date summary of the number
- of craft which have been de
stroyed:
A Entente Allies,
) Brit- Rus
-1 ish French sian
Bagtleghips ..10 2 .
C)fi’sers San vl b 2
/Submarines .. 4 3 a 3
Auxil. cruisers 5 .. 3
Gunboats, de- /
stroyers, and ol
torpedo boats 4 g 7 2
Total Japanese and Italian
losses, seven vessels of all
classes. /
Teutoriic Allies.
Ger- Aus
many tria
Battleslins .. iveiniii 1 50
OTUISORIE cocivuiivie:. dB 2
BUDNIBLIDER. . ... i B 1
Auxiliary cruisers ....19 va
Gunboats, destroyers,
~and torpedo boats ...20 1
Total Turkish losses of ves
-1 selg of all classes, four,
. Total tonnage en
' tente aliles .......... 878370
- Total tonnage,
~ Teutonic allies .......224,746
June 28-—Archduke and Archduchess
KFrancls of Austria slain by Serblan
assassing,
August l—Germany declares war omn
Russia. ;
August 2—German forces enter Luxem
burg. Germany demands passage
through Belglum.
August S——England announces state of
wvar with Germany. |
August 7—French invade southern Al
sace. N
: SOOI fdoge forts.
‘ w-t and France de
- ‘eclare war on strl
Al;xut 15——Austriaus lnvade Serbia in
orce.
August 17—Heginning of five days’ bat
tle between Serbians and Austrians
on the Jadar, ending In Austrian
rout,
August 20-—Germans enter Hruasels,
August 23—Germans enter Namur and
attack Mons. Austrina announces vic
tory over Russians at Krasnlk, Japan
declares war,
August 24-—HBritish hegin retreat from
Mous.
Aungust 25—French evacuate Muelhaun
sen,
August 27—Louvain burned by Ger
mans.
August 28-—HBattle off Helgoland, sev
ernl German warships sunk,
August 20-—Russians crushed in three
days’ battle pnear Tannenberg.
September 3-—Russians occupy Lem
berg.
sSeptember Ss—Battle of the Marne be
gins. German right wing defeated
and retreat begins.
September T——Maubeuge falls,
September 12—German retreat halts on
the Alsne.
September 20 — Germans bombard
‘l‘h-lm- and injure the famous cathe
ral.
October H—Antwerp occupled by the
Germuuns.
Oetober 12—HBoer revolt starts,
October 14——Allies occupy Ypres. Bat
tie beglins on Vistuln,
October 15—Ostend occupled by the
Germans.,
Octoher 10—First battle of Ypres be
glins.
October 24--Ten days' battle before
Warsaw ends In German retirement.
Octoher 27—<Russinns reoccupy Lods
and Rudom,
October 20~Turkey beglus war on Rus
sin,
November SeGerman squadron bom
bards British coast,
November Se—Dardanelles forts bom
barded,
November G—Tsingtau surrenders,
November 12—Russinns defeated at
Lipno and Kutno,
November 13-~Russinns defeated at
Viotslavek.
November Il7—Austrian victory over
Serblans at Valjevo announced,
December 2w—Austrians occupy Bel
grade.
December Be—Serhlans defent Austrinoas
in three days' battle,
December Geetiermuns occupy Lods,
December 15«—Austrinns evacunte Bel
xrade,
December 18—German crulsers bom
bard Searborough and Hartlepool, 150
civilinns Killed,
December 20-20-Severe fighting on the
MHue of the Brura river,
January 3, 1918~French andvance across
Alsne north of Solssons,
Junuary ld=bFrench driven back across
Alsne river,
Jununry 24-<Naval battle In North sea,
German armored crulser Bluecher
sunk.
Jununry 30-<Russians occupy Tabris,
Februnry S—allure of German attacks
west of Warsaw,
Fehruary SeHeginning of battle In
Kast Prussin, ending in Russian de
fent,
February ISterman formal subma
rine “blockade” on Great Britain be
wins,
Februney 24<Russinns driven from
Bukowlion,
Mareh 10-Hritish make advance at
Neuve Uhapelle,
Murch 2leZeppeline bombard Paris,
March 2%BsSurrender of Praemysl to
Hussinne,
March SleeMussinns penetrate Dukin
pass und enter Hungary.
April See French begine violent nttacks
on Mihiel snllent.
April 14eRussinas st Sstropko, 20
wiles Inside Hungary.
April I%cTussinns evacunte Tarsow,
April 22Necond battle of Ypres be.
wins,
April 20eeAllles leave Gallipoll penin.
‘[ suln, suffertag fearful losses,
April 2% Allles announce recapture of
I.ln;-o Het Sas and Hartmanuswellep
Kopl,
May 15leriin reports capture of 30..
000 Nussinn prisosers In west Gall.
cin and selsure of three villages near
Ypres,
May Seßussians fall back from Dukis
pans,
May T-=Berila reports capture of Tar
pow with many Russian prisoners.
May S—German submarine sinks the
3 Lusitania, more than 1,150 lost. Rus
sians Im full retreat from Carpa
thians.
May $-—Uermans capture Libau Baltie
ort.
’ -.', 12—French capture Ceremony,
_ north of Arras, at great cost,
May 14—American first submarine note
made public.
May 24—Italy declares war on Aus
» 26—Italians Invade Austria.
%flullnn- take Grodno. Russians
ch Germans at Slenawa,
May 31-—First German note on subma
rine renches Washington. Zeppelins
p bombs in London.
Ju 3—Przemysl falls to Austro-Ger
q .
; 10—Germans capture Stanislau.
June 11—Second U. S. submarine note
to Germany made publie, Italians
take Monfalcone,
June 12—Itallans take Gradisca.
June IP-—Austro-Germans occupy Tor
nogrod.
June 22—Freanch take Metzeral,
June 23—French announce occupation
of the “Labyrinth,” north of Arras.
June 24—Austro-Germans capture Lem
_berg.
June 28—Austrians cross the Dnlester
; at Halicz,
June 29—Hallez falls.
July 2-—Russians defeat German at
tempt to land at Windau,
July'Lßuuo-German naval battle of
Gottland.
July d4—ltallans take Tolmino.
July B—Berlin announces gains in the
Argonne forest.
‘llly 16—Germans take Przasnysz, 50
miles north of Warsaw.
L July 19—Germans advance at many
points in Russia, taking Windau, Tu
. kum, Blonde and Grobec,
July 20—~Russians report sinking of 59
Turkish sailing vessels, German
gunsy reach outer forts of Warsaw
and damage the Lublin-Cholm rall
way. ;
July 21—Third U. S. submarine note
Koes to Germany.
y 22—Turkish-German expedition
d In Tripoll.
v German take two forts mnear
3 arsaw, .
y 26—Russians repulse Austrians in
‘Galicla,
%
" BIG WAR THEATERS
In a score of regions there has
been fighting which would have held
worldwide attention were it not for
the mighty battle lines in France and
Poland.
Servia's own war was a greater trial
to her than either of the two preced
ing Balkan struggles. Assisted by
[ Montenegro, the little Slavic nation ‘
twice threw the hosts of Franz Josef
\ beyond her borders and inflicted
idosses of about 330,000 men, but she
| uffered severely herself.
- The Austrians invaded Serbia in
~great force about August 15 and pene
trated to the Jadar river, where a
~great five-day battle ended in the
rout of the Teutons,
- The Austrians returned soon in
- stronger force than ever. They
reached Valjevo, where on November
17 the Serbians met a defeat.
With their supply of artillery am
munition exhausted, the Serbians now
had to retreat. The Austrians, be
lieving them crushed, withdrew six
army corps for re-enforcements
against the victorious Russians in Ga
licia.
© Shélls and Einglish tars with - navet
guns reached the Serbians, and on
December 5 they turned on the Aus
trians and cut them to pieces.
The entry of Turkey into the war
was marked by a brave, but foolhardy
attempt to invade Egypt. Great Brit
ain's Indian and colonial troops threw
the invaders back with heavy losses.
British and Japanese troops invest
ed the fortified German port of Tsing
tau, China, and after a siege of a few
weeks the defenders gave up the hope
less struggle.
A section of the Boer population of
South Africa revolted. The revolt
- was put down by a Boer, Premier
- Botha. He then invaded German
}Southwest Africa, and after a long
’ campaign in the waterless deserts
‘ captured the greatly outnumbered
Germans (July 8),
After taking three-quarters of a year
to arm herself to the teeth, Italy at
tacked Austria this spring. The effect
of the entry of Italy upon the arena
has not yet been marked.
00l oo olede 00l o dooood 00l o slesle e sloole e
FIRST YEAR COST OF
WAR IN MEN AND MONEY
Only approximately accurate
tables of the killed, wounded
and missing in the first year of
the war are possible, because
France and Russia and Austria-
Hungary do not give out their
figures, while Germany has
changed her policy recently to
one of secrecy. Great Britain
still tells her losses from
month to month.
The following estimates are
belleved to give a fairly cor
rect idea of the casualties:
Teutonic Allies.
BT 0000 000500+ : 2000000
Austria-Hungary .....1,900,000
BUIREY .onsscsenensss 590,000
B o iiaoshis e DOO
Entente Allles.
. . oincibenssss ILTOO.OOO
Russia (Including pris
oners, 1,175,000) ....3,600,000
Great ‘Britain ......... 480,000
IRRIEE csonscossnsses 280,000
B . consessasseses DOOO
B Civisasvanssones 1,210
Italy (no reports of
B s i TR
Portugal (fighting In
colonies) ...........(minor)
Montenegro .......... 30,000
B RO .ocseseses N
R ciiicsncsnsss 30000
The first year of the war has
cost the belligerent govern:
ments about $16,5600,000,000 in
dires* expenditures for mill
wary purposes. The war I 8 now
gosting about $45,000,000 a day,
$2,000,000 an hour and $30,000
a minute,
THE CHANGING BATTLE LINE IN ThE EAST
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N e T s T e» oy
FIRST YEAR OF THE i
The first twelvemonth of fightins
between the Russians on one side and
the Austrians and Germans on
the other is a story of great changes
of fortune, both combatants being re
peatedly driven back only to show
the greatest resiliency in defeat and
soon to resume the offensive in a most
surprising manner,
The end of the year, however, finds
the pendulum swinging strongly
against the czar. He may recover
and take again the roads to Cracow,
Vienna and Berlin, but just at pres
ent he is on the whole in worse plight
than in any hour since the war
started.
Russia’s losses in the first year of
the war are not approached by those
of any nation in any war of history.
According to reliable estimates, she
has had between 2,500,000 and 4,000,
000 men killed, injured and captured.
Despite these horrible gaps made in
her ranks, she still has millions in
the field, and her great reservoir of
personnel does not show signs of ex
haustion. It is not men she lacks, but
ml;'(mw-mtr&w‘ L —
y Slow to Mobilize.
On August 1, 1914, Germany de
clared war on Russia. Almost imme
diately the Germans crossed the fron
tier at Thorn and the Austrians south
of Lublin. They were practically un
opposed because of the slowness of
mobilization in Russia. The Grand
Duke Nicholas Nicholaievitch was
forced to gather his main armies well
to the rear of the line of great fort
resses running through Kovno, Grod
no. Ossowetz, Novo Georgievsk, War
saw and Ivangorod.
On account of his desire to do all
he could to relieve the French, who
were being driven from northern
France by the amazing German rush
through Belgium, Nicholas attacked
sooner than he otherwise would have
done. As a result, he met two disas
ters.
He sent General Samsonoff into
East Prussia from the south and
| General Rennenkampf into East Prus
sia from the east, the latter winning
the first large engagement of the war
in the East at Gumbinen.
At this moment the Germans, be
lieving that the French were well in
hand and about to be surrounded on
their eastern frontier, quickly with
drew 250,000 men from France and
hurled them by rail into East Prus
sia, where they fell upon Samsonoft
with crushing force in the great Ger
man victory of Tannenberg (Aug. 28).
Meanwhile, the Austrians, leaving
only a few troops in Galicia to hold
back the Russians advancing from
Tarnopol on the line of the Gnila-Lipa,
struck the Russians en masse at Kras
nik and routed thenr to Lublin,
Most Bloody Drive of War,
With two armies in difficulty, the
grand duke decided to abandon one
to its fate and save the other. He
threw re-enforcements into Lublin
and ordered the line of the Gnila-
Lipa river be forced at any cost, In
one of the most bloody drives of the
war the Russians advanced into east
ern Galicla and occupied Lemberg.
The Russians then advanced to
Rawa Ruska and took the Austrian
armies in Poland in the rear, cutting
them up frightfully.
Meanwhile Von Hindenburg had
completed his victory over Samsonoff
by turning on Rennenkampf and clear
ing East Prussia of Muscovites, But
though Rennenkampf had been de
feated and Samsonoff almost anni
hilated, the Germans.
The Russians were now as far west
as Tarnow in Galicla, while their
Cossacks were able to make ralds into
Hungary farther south. Hindenburg
concentrated a great force suddenly
in Silesla and began a drive from the
west against Warsaw and Ivan.
gorod. The Siberian corps arrived
in the nick of time to save Warsaw
from the enemy,
High Tide of Russian Invasion.
Hindenburg then drew off the north
ern section of his army in Poland to
the north, thinking to take the pursu-
ing Russians in flank with the south
ern section. But the Austrians were
too slow to carry out the field mar
shal's plans and the Russians, slip
ping into a gap in the lines between
the Germans and their allies, slaugh
tered the latter. The result was the
high tide of Russian invasion. The
Austrians withdrew over the Carpa
thians again, leaving Przemysl to be
besieged a second time. The Ger
mans withdrew to Silesia and the Rus
sians, following closely, were able
for a brief moment to raid this rich
province at Pleschen. At the same
time they entered East Prussia
again.
But again the German strategic
railways proved their undoing. Hin
denburg concentrated at Thorn and
drove into the right flank of the Rus
sian main forces, throwing them back
on Lodz,
He advanced too far, however, and
when he had the Russian forces near
ly surrounded, he suddenly found Rus
sians in his own rear. In this ex
tremity, the Russians say, he tele
graphed for re-enforcements.
But before the re-enforcements
sent from Flanders arrived the Ger
mans had managed at frightful cost
to hack their way to safety. This was
the bloody battle of Lodz. :
- Y Wins ‘second victory, -
With stronger German forces oppos
ing them the Russians withdrew to
the line of Bzura, Rawa and Nida
rivers. At the same time the Aus
trians, attempting to debouch from
the Carpathian passes, were driven
back everywhere, leaving 50,000 pris
oners.
With January Hindenburg made a
third desperate attack on Warsaw.
For ten days, both night and day, tho
Germans came on. Then, having lost
probably 50,000 men and the Russians
nearly as many, they gave it up.
Unable to reach Warsaw, Hindenburg
concentrated twice Siever’'s force in
Fast Prussia, and won his second
‘ overwhelming victory there. Enor
mous captures of Russians were made
and the fortress of Gradno was at
tacked farther west, from Ossowetz
to Pultusk. The Germans retreated
to Mlawa and then tried to flank the
Russians at Przasnysz, which city
they took. But the Russians again
flanked the flanking party, as they had
done at Lodz and won an important
success (February 22-28),
In March and April, the Russians
pressed through the western Carpa
thian passes and entered Hungary.
Just when their future seemed bright
est, the Germans broke the Russian
line in West Galicia and let through
enormous forces,
Pressing westward irresistibly, they
took the Russian Carpathian armies in
the rear. The latter tried to retreat,
but vast numbers were captured,
Przemys!, which had succumbed to
the Russian besiegers March 22, fall
again Into the hands of the Austro-
Germans,
Great German Maneuver,
From Przemysl Von Mackensen
drove east through Mosclska and
Grodek and captured lemberg, the
Galiclan capital. Then he turned
north and marched upon the Warsaw-
Ivangorod ~Hrest - Litovak trinngle
from the south,
At the same time the Russians in
southern Gallela, putting up a desper
ate resistance, were driven by Von
Linsingen first to the line of the
| Dnlester and then across the Gnila
| Lipa to the line of the Zlota-Lipa.
I Reaching the vicinity of Krasnlk
i in thelr drive to Warsaw from the
| south, the Austrians sustained a se
; vere check in the scene of their tri.
| umph of the previous summer. Held
‘ on this line the Germans attacked hot
ly from the north and took the town
z of Przasnysz (July 14),
| The Germans now began the grand
! est maneuver ever seen in the history
i of human warfare,
| From the Windau river in the Bal
| tie provinces all the way along the
i border of East Prussia and in a gigan
tic sweep through the vicinity of Ra
dom, west of the Vistula, and a line
| south of the Lublin-Cholm railway
| they delivered smashing blows and
| have reached the very gates of Wan
| saw,